The Gambia :: essays research papers

The Gambia, translated from the French La Gambia was first colonized by Portugal in 1445 on what was later named St. Marys Is filth. Subsequently, the area was visited by France and later, Britain who began to build strong trading posts along its western shores. In the 1700s The Gambia was proclaimed to be part of Britain. By 1969 The Gambia became a republic inwardly the British commonwealth of nations. In 1982 it was declared a republic in what was later declared the Senegambian conference. The Gambia stated its independence from Britain and the Province of Senegal. The Gambia then established The citizenrys Progressive Party led by, Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara , until the change of government in 1994. Today The Gambia lives under a multi-party system. The Constitution of the Second Republic of The Gambia provides elections by devising everyone over the age of 18 pay suffrage. Every five years the people elect 45 candidates that make up the countys National Assembly. tetrad parti es made up the 1996 elections. The Alliance for Patriotic Re- Orientation and Construction (APRC), The United democratic Party (UDP), The National Reconciliation Party (NRP), and The Peoples Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS). On October 18, 1996 Yahya Jammeh (ADRC) won 56% of the votes to become the new president of The Gambia. The flag consist of three horizontal stripes. From top to fathom they are red, blue, then green. Sorry I couldnt get a color print on the flag pictured below. TOPOGRAPHY The Gambia is a long shrink country focusing around the central river that gave them their name. The Gambia river is 300 miles long inside The Gambia and is about 3 miles wide at most points. The Gambia has a total land area of 4,000 miles. It is relatively flat with few mountains and has an inward sloping bowl shape from where the Gambia river once covered. The Gambia river opens into the ocean at the western most tip of The Gambia. The capital, Banjul, is re gain near the inlet to the river and is a very large city with many tourist attractions and shops to buy stuff in. The Gambia is located completely within the county of Senegal from which it won its independence. The river is navigable up to 241km inland. After that point is impossible to further follow the river without the aid of a specialized boat for such a trip.

Gustave Caillebottes Paris Street; Rainy Day Essay -- Paris sous la P

Gustave Caillebottes Paris Street Rainy dayThe first thing that strikes me is the size of the work. About sevenfeet tall and nine feet wide, this painting dominates its gallery andoverwhelms the viewer. The duo in the foreground of the painting isnearly life size, and with the man poised to take another step itseems he might climb right over the frame and walk right into thegallery. The bold perspective thrusts the scene outward, and withdetails such as the sharply pull away roofline of the main building andthe acute tilt of the street, geometric and visual effects are createdwhich push and pull the viewer and instill the painting with action.This work is more than complex and detailed then one might first imagine,and with such a rich surface and vast array of minutiae it trulyrequires an in mortal viewing for full comprehension.Painted in 1877 by the wealthy painter/impressionist connoisseurGustave Caillebotte, Paris, A Rainy Day is a depiction of a familiarfive-way intersectio n in a wealthy area of Paris near the artistshome on a rainy and overcast day. A swarm of characters are dispersedthroughout the canvas, strolling about and engaging in usual dailyactivities. The expansive street and uniform architecture, common inParis after(prenominal) Haussmanns renovations, are accentuated, and in many waysthe work is a verisitic snapshot of modern everyday life.In the foreground a well to do couple with interlocked arms and ashared umbrella walks towards the viewer. By noting the angle ofreflections from the lamppost and other figures it seems as if thepainter is taking his view from directly in front of these persons,and cosmos the most prominent figures they certainly warrant a moredetailed discussion. The man gazes to his right. His eyes are a softgrayish hue and he walks assertively. The gaze on his face isdifficult to read perhaps he is longing or being contemplative, inany event he seems detached. It seems credible to label him theprotagonist. The wom an tilts her head as well, and is most likelyobserving the same object or event as her companion. Observed close upshe appears to have an emergent smile on her comely face. The dots onher veil, a dazzlingly white earring (likely a diamond) and an azureblue tuft of cloth marked at her neckline are particularlystriking, and provide vibrancy... ...e men from the titleof flaneur. In the expression on their faces it almost seems as ifthere is some yearning for anterior times.Because this painting is a modern cityscape it is ipso facto apainting of modernity (one thinks of Baudelair) and a record of thefashions of 1877. By recording the actual events of his own time,Caillebotte was part of a moderately radical new type of painting. Hisfigures are shown accurately in contemporary dress, and he hasessentially taken a mundane and fleeting moment and captured it evermore on a monumental scale. Celebrating modernity, whilesimultaneously casting a critical eye, is one of the signaturehallma rks of impressionism and inchoate modern art.Paris, A Rainy Day is a complex work of both technical virtuosity andimplied thematic elements which synthesize to engross the viewervisually and entice them mentally to think about urban life andfeelings of alienation. The painting conflates multiple issues whichsurround and form the foundation of the art historical study of theImpressionists Paris, and remains in its grandeur as a historicalvisual document, a commentary on urban life, and a testament tomodernity.

Rosa Parks Essay -- Rosa Park Biography Biographies Bio Essays

genus Rosa Parks One of the most influential and inspirational women of alone time was Rosa Parks. By one action she helped change the lives of a majority of African the Statesns and more importantly night club as a whole. Rosa Parks sparked the attention of America when she refused to settle for the black (lower class)standards. Not only did she help change the lives for many African Americans but she helped equality for all men and women in the United States. By one brave women our world will be forever thankful. Rosa Parks was raised in her Grandparents house in pine level, Montgomery County, in Alabama. Her Mothers name was Leona Edwards and her father James McCauley was a carpenter. On February 4, 1913 Rosa was born, ya year after her parents were married. At around the age of two her father took off compass north looking for a better like. As a child Rosa and her brother grew up with segregation and such societies as the Ku Klux Klan. Her grandfather would ofte n quiescence with a rifle by his side due to the unsafe environment. By the time Rosa Parks went to school she began to feel unhappy about the society she was living in. She soon noticed the segregation of their society when she saw the empty and little school for blacks compared to the glamorous and bih school the whites had. At that point on in Rosas life she decided she was going to be a person with dignity and self-respect. She promised herself she would never set her dreams lower than anyone else in the world simply because she was black. She wanted a change and was determined to make it happen. At age nineteen Rosa married a man named Raymond Park, who died of cancer in 1977 after a polish fifty years of marriage. When Raymond was living he had always influenced her to become more active in civil rights among blacks. Her hopes for a better future were just motherning. By 1945 Rosa was a leader in the Montgomery Voters League and the secretary of the Nationals Associatio n for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). One evening in early December 1955 Rosa was sitting inthe front seat of the colored section of the bus on her way home. It was like almost every day all the blacks would sit in the white section of the bus and as soon as the whites filled in the blacks would routinely move to the back. In an instance Rosa found her chance of freedom. Somehow she had changed the laws. She w... ... had no knowledge of what was going on or where they were going. It was outright not fair and morally wrong. Onthese ships the living conditions were very subtle to their lives. They received barley any food and the floor to sleep on at nights. Of the few that would survive the long journey once they arrived in atomic number 63 they would be auctioned off the Americans or people to do what they desire with them. From that day on African AMericans were viewed as the whites toys and games. Rosa PArks had the courage to finally begin to put a stop to this and she will be well resprected for all her life. Today, Rosa Parks tried to use her negative memories of segregation and racism to hold her goal towards complete justice, freedom, and equality. She believes that the children are future of the world and hope that they will fulfill the dreams of society in the future. Rosa Parks was a true graphic symbol model to our nation and granted the dreams and wishes of many African Americans. Her words and actions pertaining to the struggle for desegregation continue to ring like church bells today. This bell rings passim the world for all to hear, and millions of people follow the beat.

Observation Assignment at a Park Essay -- Descriptive Park Essays Pape

Observation Assignment at a set Hayden common was an interesting place for a Freeze-Frame assignment. For those who have not heard of a Freeze-Frame, it is simply sitting in one spot for 15 to 20 minutes observing ones surroundings. So to continue, at first glance, Hayden Park is a typical Valley of the Sun type park. Most of these typical parks have grass, picnic tables, some trees, and usually some sort of sports accessibility such as a basketball court or soccer field, or both. In addition, the parks also have pleasant surroundings. But Hayden Park is located in South Phoenix, so automatically the typical standard for parks is altered. The surroundings around Hayden Park are far from what most multitude would consider to be pleasant. From the picnic table where I conducted my Freeze-Frame in Hayden Park I could see a junk yard with hundreds of old cars, a cement plant with loud trucks driving around the noisy machines, and a used car lot with a lot of obnoxious adve rtising, most of which is in Spanish. there was also a fenced in trailer park and some miscellaneous ...

Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome Essay

Introduction This study briefly reviews complex psychic trauma and discusses how it manifests in adolescents with a biography of childhood abuse and neglect. A history of childhood abuse and neglect often leads to long-term stirred, behavioral and physical dysregulation that do not always kick the bucket the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This has led to the proposal of a separate only if related diagnosis termed Developmental Trauma Disorder (Cook, Blaustein, Spinazzola & van der Kolk, 2003 van der Kolk, 2005 Najjar, Weller, Weisbrot & Weller, 2008). This diagnosis is based on an assessment of the literature on complex trauma and its long-term mental and physical health consequences. In this study, we will review the following 1) the scope of complex trauma in terms of its general involve on individuals and society 2) a description of the phenomeno logy of complex trauma 3) the developmental impact of complex trauma on adolescents and 4) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complex trauma in adolescents.Complex trauma refers to both the exposures and the developmental impact of long-term exposure to traumatic events during childhood and adolescence. Traumatic exposures are commonly of an interpersonal nature, including childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect. Traumatic exposures can also include repeated surgical procedures, chemotherapy or other adverse events during childhood. Complex trauma has a significant developmental impact across the life-span. In a large epidemiological survey, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, of more than 17,000 adults from the general popula... ...icine, 14, 245-258.Gabowitz, D., Zucker, M., & Cook, A. (2008) Neuropsychological assessment in clinical military rank of children and adolescents with complex trauma. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 1, 163-178.Najjar, F., Weller, R.A. Weisbrot, J., & Weller, E. B. (2008). Post-traumatic filter disorder its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 40, 104-108.Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner Review The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 227-280.Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Times, 35, 401-408.Weiss, D., S. (2004). The Impact of Events Scale Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. late York Guilford.

Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome Essay

Introduction This study briefly reviews heterogeneous trauma and discusses how it manifests in adolescents with a history of childishness abuse and neglect. A history of childhood abuse and neglect often leads to long-term emotional, behavioral and physical dysregulation that do not always fit the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental troubles (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This has led to the proposal of a separate but related diagnosis termed Developmental Trauma Disorder (Cook, Blaustein, Spinazzola & van der Kolk, 2003 van der Kolk, 2005 Najjar, Weller, Weisbrot & Weller, 2008). This diagnosis is based on an assessment of the literature on complex trauma and its long-term mental and physical health consequences. In this study, we will review the following 1) the scope of complex trauma in terms of its general strike on individuals and society 2) a description of the phenomenology of complex tra uma 3) the developmental impact of complex trauma on adolescents and 4) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complex trauma in adolescents.Complex trauma refers to both the exposures and the developmental impact of long-term exposure to traumatic events during childhood and adolescence. Traumatic exposures are commonly of an interpersonal nature, including childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect. Traumatic exposures can also entangle repeated surgical procedures, chemotherapy or other adverse events during childhood. Complex trauma has a significant developmental impact across the life-span. In a fully grown epidemiological survey, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, of more than 17,000 adults from the general popula... ...icine, 14, 245-258.Gabowitz, D., Zucker, M., & Cook, A. (2008) Neuropsychological assessment in clinical Evaluation of children and adolescents with complex trauma. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 1, 163-178.Najja r, F., Weller, R.A. Weisbrot, J., & Weller, E. B. (2008). Post-traumatic deform disorder its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 40, 104-108.Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner Review The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child psychological science and Psychiatry, 41, 227-280.Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Times, 35, 401-408.Weiss, D., S. (2004). The Impact of Events Scale Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. New York Guilford.

Globalization and BTL Essay

The impact of globalization on BTL has been positive with ontogenesis indicators which show major progress in increasing levels and ontogenesis. The 1990s witnessed moderate economic growth for Belize which resulted in a record growth of teleph wholeness operate with an come annual growth rate of ten percent. Also with the increase in teledensity, thither train been improvements in network modernization (BTL, 2008). The efficiency of BTL has added to the benefits. The percentage of digital lines is reported to increase by the end of the decade.The digit of lines per employee has as well increase which points towards an increased growth path that tends to reach efficiency levels which be similar to developed countries. The objectives of the tele intercourses reform in Belize turn over been mixed. The achievements in terms of penetration and access be uneven. There is an internal growth gap in urban areas with higher access as compared with lower telephone penetration levels in the rural areas. This restriction has been caused by the inequalities of the telecommunications infrastructure.Metropolitan areas tend to have most of the infrastructure concentrated while minimum work are offered in rural areas. Growth in the telecommunications sector has been slow in 2007 because of the high exists of installing the network and lack of profitability of the service in rural areas (BTL, 2008). Mobile telephone go together with changes in technology have begun to experience an accelerated process of growth in Belize. The mobile phone market in Belize enjoys less regulatory dependence and the need for survival of the dominant company.The overtaking of better telephone work by mobile go was driven by the introduction of pre- nonrecreational systems. The average growth in users of mobile telephony was thirty percent in Belize in 2007. BTL has entered into a consolidation process where mobile telephone service are becoming part of the picture. The level of dyna mism and growth of the telecommunications sector has been spectacular especially for the mobile telephone services (BTL, 2008). This increases the access to telecommunication services. However the judicature continues to focus on promoting fixed line connectivity and internet access.BTLs introduction of mobile phones has assisted in increasing the access to telecommunication services and gag rule the digital divide. The pre paid option has been attractive for Belizeans because of universal access and convenience for lower economic groups. Research in like manner shows that Belizeans prefer mobile telephone services over traditional telecommunications access. One of the advantages has been that the lower activation cost for the user in the case of mobile services as compared with fixed telephone services.The pre paid option too offers attractive alternatives for people because it allows the user to control costs and avoid signing contracts. The operator also finds it cost effecti ve because it does not have to stake monthly account balances. BTL mobile telephone services have lower costs in terms of initial costs and usage costs. The cost of mobile telephone services is half that of fixed telephone services. The turn of events of mobile phone subscribers has increased from nine percent to thirty percent in 2007 (BTL, 2008). BTL has improved its performance since the advent of globalization because of lower transaction costs and reduced uncertainty.This has increased the efficiency of markets and administrative organizations. The company has contributed in assisting agricultural companies in comparing prices in various markets. It allows them to obtain the highest prices for their produce and eliminate dependency on local middlemen. It also enables them to modify their products and respond to market demand (BTL, 2008). BTL has also helped to assist organizations in ordering spare parts and immediate contact with technicians which can reduce time lost due to broken machinery.Business organizations have also reduced their inventories because replacements can be ordered and delivered as needed. Contact between producers and shippers can be arranged on schedules for delivery of products to markets which reduces the risk of spoilage. It also has assisted in significant savings in personnel time and travel costs. BTL has also assisted in maximizing the efficiency of shipping so that trips are not wasted while consumption of fuel is minimized. Industries are also migrating to rural areas which allows for decentralization of economic activities.BTLs mobile phone services have also increased as rural areas prefer them for their economic development. It allows rural areas to use them heavily and spend their income on mobile phone services (BTL, 2008). The demand for mobile phones is heavy in rural and remote areas because of the perceived contribution towards the rural economy. BTL has become highly popular because of its cheap services. The te lecommunications sector in Belize is dominated by BTL which has a monopoly on telecommunication services in the country. The 1990s witnessed an annual growth of lines which averaged fifteen percent (BTL, 2008).Line installation has been cerebrate in urban areas which account for sixty five percent of total lines (BTL, 2008). Despite the expansion in the number of fixed lines, the investment has not been fitting to cover demand for the service. The cellular market has been one of the fastest growing in 2006 and 2007. Still BTL faces the challenge of meeting the growing demand of basic services and data communications. A fast growing internet market has also not satisfied the expectations of consumers. The liberalization of the market has brought benefits as the country uses resources to meet fresh demands.The mobile sector has the longest growth rate because of the rise in standards of living. The mobile sector is also attractive because of its reliableness, efficiency, and low cos t as compared with the fixed telephone services. Globalization has also helped BTL in digitizing the telecommunications system as the pro raft has grown from thirty percent in 1998 to fifty percent in 2007 (BTL, 2008). BTLs fiber optic network links several neighboring countries. The network allows connections to submarine cables and networks operated by other countries. BTL provides cellular services to a large number of subscribers.The cellular service has increased its coverage in the past years with services being moderately good for consumers. Liberalization has enhanced the ability of BTL to bargain for and acquire cellular phone technology for consumers. Telecommunications reform has assisted BTL in improving its efficiency and meeting the demands of the changing environment. The government wants to give BTL complete administrative, technical, and pecuniary independence with some functions controlled by the government. It also aims to allow for joint ventures and strategic alliances with other companies.Restrictions on foreign participation are also reputed to be outside by the government. It aims to state the public interest of modernizing and developing telecommunications through the process of liberalization of the market in order to allow market participation. A pileus investment program to upgrade the countrys GSM cellular service and deploying wireless technologies in the rural areas was announced in 2007 (BTL, 2008). The company also increased funding for network development by investing an estimated forty three million dollars.It also installed eight hundred and fifty megacycle per second frequency equipment to increase the coverage of cellular phone consumers. An updated prepaid intelligent care system was launched in 2006 which would facilitate and provide user friendly services (BTL, 2008). This program was also reputed to stimulate demand for mobile phone services of the company. A new wireless network with a frequency of four hundred and fifty MHz has also been proposed which will provide telecommunications services for businessmen, professionals, government officials, security forces, fishermen, and other residents with mobile phone services (BTL, 2008).The companys fixed line services have not been successful because of globalization. This is because of the unstable economy and low population in large parts of the country. Fixed lines are concentrated in the urban areas where they provide services for certain customer groups. BTL has reported losses in fixed line domestic services which include line access charges and per sharp call traffic. BTL has also not increased customer rates from 2001 till 2007.It also implemented several reductions in price for various data communication and satellite services. Internet capacity tariff was reduced by a percentage of ninety percent. Tariff reductions have assisted in increasing the number of consumers. DigiCell prepaid customers were offered discounts of twenty five c ents for calls. Other features were also introduced which included further discounts for consumers who call for more than five minutes. SMS to email was a service offered for prepaid customers which allowed them to send messages throughout the world.The number of DigiCell consumers rose from ninety three thousand to one hundred thousand in 2007 (BTL, 2008). The total number of cellular consumers has risen to one hundred and eighteen thousand in 2007 (BTL, 2008). Siemens has been providing technical assistance to BTL for the maintenance of the cellular network. The company has also aimed to create modern cellular equipment on with high speed internet services to consumers. Globalization has assisted the company in increasing its cellular business which now comprises a major portion of its net income.The rapid growth of BTL has allowed it to implement customer friendly billing and care systems. Outdated systems have been gradually phased out. Post paid customer and billing system wil l be implemented in various stages of 2008 (BTL, 2008). BTL will be able to access information of consumers which will help it to increase its reliability and effectiveness. Other major developments have been the use of information technology systems to enhance the administrative, technical, and financial functions of the organization.

Navy Chief Petty Officer Medal of Honor Recipients

The antique Petty ships officer is a rank in the U.S. Navy just to a higher place the rank of the Petty Officer First Class. They serve both as leaders and technical experts. Promotion as a top dog Petty Officer requires superior evaluation and time in service. The Navy Medal of Honor is Americas oldest and still continuing trophy. The Medal of Honor is the supreme award in the United States of America for bravery in wars. Any member of the Armed Services of the United States who performs exceptionally in his field of warfare during soldierlike operations risking his life to protect the interests of the country is awarded the Medal of Honor. Since everyone in the Armed Services has values of bravery and selflessness, the pass for this award is made with the greatest make out and consideration.When the Medal was initially awarded during the Civil Wars, it was the only medal for bravery in wars but during the Spanish American War, it became the highest honor, with many other me dals being given for heroism in wars. Apart from the respect the Medal entails, the recipients have many other privileges like increased monetary benefits, wearing their uniforms wherever they choose to, and attending presidential inaugurations. Even the children of the recipients of the Medal of Honor enjoy privileges. If they are qualified and desire to attend the U.S. military academies, they can do so without any restrictions of quotas.So far, more(prenominal) that 3400 Medal of Honor awards have been given. Getting the prestigious Medal would be the proudest moment of any serviceman, and John Finn hadthe taste of it when it was placed around his neck in recognition for his valor in the Second World War. Born in Los Angeles, California, on July 23, 1909, he enlisted in the Navy in 1926 and served as a Chief Petty Officer.John Finn was awarded the prestigious Medal of Honor for his conspicuous heroism and gallantry while at the Naval Air Station Kahoehe Bay, Hawaii, during the a ir raid by Japan, which targeted the facility. With a machine gun, Chief Finn effectively fired at the enemy planes. Though he received severe wounds, he put up a brave fight and created great havoc to the enemy planes. His action during the attack was indeed amazing.George Brady was yet another proud possessor of the Medal of Honor. He was born on September 7, 1867. He was a Chief Gunners Mate in the U.S. Navy. George Brady was awarded the Medal of Honor for his exceptional performance in the Spanish American War. George Brady proved a real asset to the U.S. forces. He was on board the torpedo boat Winslow when enemy forces targeted it. The boat was extensively overt to bombs and suffered great damage. He repaired the steering gear and promptly maintained watertight integrity and thus saved the vessel. His masterly skills and untiring loyalty to duty was greatly appreciated, and he was awarded the Medal of Honor.Though every serviceman fights for the country risking his life, such events, which depict individual courage and bravery, are the grounds on which a recommendation for the Medal of Honor is made. The worth of the Medal of Honor is sogreat that senior officers and even the President salutes the Medal, thereby the recipient wearing it.ReferencesSeptember 30, 2005, Chief Petty Officer Medal of Honor RecipientsElectronic Version Retrieved on September 11, 2007, from www.history.navy.mil

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT Essay

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENTEARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT STORY READINGQUOTESIf you talk to a man in a verbi sequence he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart. Nelson MandelaYour kidskinren rear be around you all day, but if you bustt spend quality time with them and you dont pay attention to them and talk to them and listen to them, it doesnt matter that theyre just around you. Brandy NorwoodThe man who does not say has no value over the man who domiciliatenot read. Mark TwainINTRODUCTIONLanguage and literacy bringment does not begin in the first day a boor attends school. mankind beings develop language, even before actual words be formed in spoken language. From the time of birth, pincerrens literacy is influenced significantly by their family and environment. Their teachers serve as only peerless influence on the road to developing adequate literacy skills.This term pa per is rough the factors affecting suppuration early language stimulation, literate communities and environment story reading that helps you to grapple how children acquire language and incur literate. It enables you to understand how children learn language, the role of others in supporting this reading, and how a child becomes a reader and writer. Learning language and becoming literate are shown to be societal, active processes. In some(prenominal) cases, it as well as appoints people who live and work with very newborn children to act with them in an appropriate way and to provide developmentally appropriate experience to support their development.Therefore, the vital role of others in supporting childrens culture is emphasized throughout this term paper.OBJECTIVES* To be ableto ac friendshipand understand these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child.* To be aware of how these factors affect the feelings of the child.* To be able to know how these factors affect the actions of a child as it grow and learn. electric razorren likely to develop literacy skills when the day they born. However, there are several factors that affect a child to develop and master the language and literacy these some factors are in the fol pooring1. Children living in povertyOne of the most significant factors affecting childrens learning and development is growing up in an area of cordial deprivation. Deprivation has a shun impact on educational attainment. In the long term children who grow up in poverty leave school with fewer qualifications and skills, which in turn affects jobs and employment. Poverty is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society for example, an increased likelihood that an individualistic will engage in criminal activity.2. Income and material deprivationA low income has been shown to call up a lack access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space t o admit quietly. It affects the quality of the home environment and neighborhood as low income restricts where families can live. There may be no quiet spaces in which to work to or sleep and this has an impact on emotional well-being. Childrens diets may be unequal because of lack of money, and poor nutrition can lead to physical changes that affect cognitive ability and performance of the brain. 3. HealthLow birth angle is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout puerility. Poorer children are likely to suffer poorer health throughout their childhood, including chronic illness. 4. Cultural and social capital, and the experience of schoolingSome research has suggested that a lack of social and cultural capital leads to low attainment for children living in poverty. I am suggested that children from lower socioeconomic groups have different background knowledge skills and interests t hat arent reflected in the school curriculum.The differences in cultural capital mean that the curriculum is more difficult for these children to access. The Social Exclusion Task Force reported that young people in deprived communities often lack social capital access to sources of inspiration, role models, support and opportunity and even those children with high aspirations were found to lack the understanding about what to do to achieve their goals. 5. Deficiencies from Inadequate DietsA common problem for young children who do not eat enough meats and green vegetables is lack of iron, which results in chronic fatigue. Serious iron deficiencies lead to iron-deficiency anemia, a common nutrient deficiency. Some children may be malnourished even though they consume enough calories. These children fill up on empty non-nutritional calories ( much(prenominal) as those found in cookies, and potato chips) and fail to eat enough healthful foods.Undernourished children tend to have stunt ed growth and delayed motor development. They are also are at risk for cognitive disabilities such aslow levels of attention, learning impairments, and poor academic school-related performance.6. Functional IsolationFunctional isolation results from direct and indirect effects of poor environment and inadequate nutrition. Diminished brain from stimulationinfluences childrens behavior. The children may become more wary, easily tires, less(prenominal) attentive, and less bleedful, and they rarely show delight and pleasure. Because these children are not very responsive, caregivers do not interact with them much.7. Parents as TeachersProbably the most important one is spending time with children. Although most parents are aware of the importance of reading to their children, not all parents routinely provide this type of experience. Many children are read to very little or not at all, and how often children are read to varies by income level and the race/ethnicity of the family.8. Pa rent-child relationshipThis is concerns with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence seizure of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a childs emergent literacy development.9. Parental CharacteristicsThere are ii characteristics, the culture, ethnicity and parental beliefs. finish and ethnicity affects areas such as the expectations for education, the patterns for language use in bilingual families (e.g., primary language used at home, language of the community, bilingual education).Parental beliefs accommodate the familys beliefs about the importance and role of the educational system in the literacy development of their children.10. Child CharacteristicsIt include the childs level of engagement and social interaction in literacy-related activities, as well as language proficiency, cognitive abilities, developmental achievements, motivation, attention, and health conditions that might affect language and literacy deve lopment. Each of the child characteristics can influence the extent to which a child can use the support that the environment provides for early literacy learning. For example, the substantial body of research demonstrating that preschool children with language delays are at a significant risk for later difficulties in learning to read indicates that factors within the child can influence emergent literacy development.11. Home LiteracyEnvironmentIt includes such aspects as book sharing between parents and children, parents reading aloud with their children, print materials being available to the children, and parents positive attitudes towards literacy activities. The home literacy environment is comprised of both direct and indirect literacy-related events. calculate literacy related events are those in which the child engages, such as book sharing with a parent or labeling the printed letters of the alphabet. Indirect literacy-related events are those about which the child learns through the observation of individuals as they engage in those activities (e.g., reading the newspaper, writing notes). 12. Teenage MotherTeenage mothers generally have less knowledge of child development than mothers who postpone childbearing. The teenage mothers lack of general knowledge in child development can affect the childs cognitive achievement and behavi viva voce adjustment in school. The lack of understanding of development knowledge behavior can affect the language and literacy of the child that may lead to physical and emotional harm. 13. SexBoys are faster than the girls in learning to talk. Compared to girls the mean length of sentence express by boys is less. The erudition vocabulary is also small in case of boys. Boys commit more grammatical errors and their pronunciation is less accurate. Sex differences in favor of girls remain and become quite pounced with every increase in age.14. IntelligenceIntelligence plays a vital role in language development. Babbling at an early age is better predictor of child of childs intelligence. Children of high intelligence show better linguistic competence both in vocabulary, length of sentences uttered and correctness of sentence structure.15. TwinsTwins and triplets are slower to learn the language than the single child. Their vocabulary skill is so faster than the twins.16. Bilingual HomesIn bilingual homes the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time.17. Language of Deaf and Hearing-Impaired ChildrenChildren with hearing impairments often do not develop oral language skills as fully as other children do, but they are quite capable of acquiring a language of gestures called American Sign Language. unless as these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child however there are slipway to avoid this if people will apply some circumstances like as the following1. Teacher & ParentsParents should promote cognitive development by constructing an optimal learning environment in the home-they provide materials, experiences, and cost increase that help children to become curious explorers of their worlds.When children are exposed to a large variety of learning materials in a safe environment and when they receive rise for learning, they score higher on tests of language development and cognitive development than do children with less stimulating environments.2. Story Telling -storytelling to children, exposing the child to different play things, naming the object describing the object.3. Family Support parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) provide the child with high levels of consistent and predictable love, physical care, and positive attention in ways that are responsive to the childs individuality.4. Positive Family Communication parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) express themselves positively and respectfully, engaging you ng children in conversations that invite their input.5. pity Climate in Child Care and Educational Settings caregivers and teachers create environments that are nurturing, accepting, encouraging, and secure.6. Time at Home the child spends most of her or his time at home participating in family activities and playing constructively with parent(s) guiding TV and electronic game use.7. archean Literacy the child enjoys a variety pre-reading activities including adults reading to her or him daily, looking at and handling books, playing with a variety of media, and showing interest in pictures, letters,and numbers.SUMMARYDeveloping language and literacy in early childhood can be affect by several factors it can be a barrier or a key to early childhood from thriving development in language and literacy.Those factors as barriers that affect the language and literacy development of children are children living in poverty, income and material deprivation, health, cultural and social c apital, and the experience of schooling, deficiencies from inadequate diets, functional isolation, parents as teachers, parent-child relationship, parental characteristics, child characteristics, home literacy environment, teenage mother, sex, intelligence, twins, bilingual homes and language of deaf and hearing-impaired but if you sum up these factors the general terminus are family and environment. The family is the first one who will expose the child in language and literacy by teaching them before entering the school and before to interact in other human being while the environment will enhance what information they get from home and will also improve their understanding. and these hindrances can be prevented if the family of the child willing to give them a quality time in spite of many obstructions they has besides it is their responsibility to their children, they should give them a positive communication by talking to them often, reading them a story or giving them an activ ities that will help to develop their language and literacy. While when the children interact in the surroundings, family should guide them and know the limitation of their child on who they will interact with.This term paper can helps the parents how they will develop the language and literacy of their children and it also helps to guide them in the right way while growing and learning new things.REFERENCESNeaum, S. (2010).Child Development for Early Childhood Studies.Southernhay East, Britain Learning Matters Ltd.Fabes, R.& Martin, C. L. (2011).Discovering Child Development.USA Houghton MifflinCompany. 3rded.Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) (2012). Handbook of Family Literacy.Third Avenue, sassy York Routledge.2nd ed.Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) (2011). Emergent literacy and language development promotinglearning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY The Guilford Press. 2nd ed.Neaum, S. (2012).Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London Learning Matters.Brown, A. I. (2010). Children of Teenage Mot hers school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. joined States ProQuest LLC.Nisha, M. (2009).Milestone of Child Development.India Kalpaz Publication.VanderVen, K. (2011). Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood twist Blocks for a Successful Start. NY Springer. 2nded.ACTIVITYA. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child.____ 1. Poverty____ 2. Ball____ 3. Parents____ 4. Doll____ 5. Income____ 6. Health____ 7. Culture____ 8. Quality Time____ 9. Teacher____ 10. Material DeprivationB. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following.1. This factor is concerned with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a childs emergent literacy development.a. Parent-child relationshipb. Parent and Teachers relationshipc. N one of the in a higher place2. In this factor, the low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood.a. Spiritual formulab. Povertyc. Health3. This factor is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity.a. Healthb. Deficiencyc. Poverty4. This factor has been shown to mean a lacked access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly.a. Childb. Low Incomec. Health5. This factor is the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time.a. Functional Isolationb. Low Incomec. Bilingual HomesAnswer cardinalA. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy deve lopment of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child.1. DA2. DNA3. DA4. DNA5. DA6. DA7. DA8. DA9. DA10. DAB. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following.1. a2. b3. a4. b5. c 2 . Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY The Guilford Press. 2011. p24. 2nd ed. 3 . Neaum, S. Child Development for Early Childhood Studies. Southernhay East, Britain Learning Matters Ltd. 2010. p132. 4 . Ibd p132. 5 . Ibd p132. 6 . Ibd p132. 7 . Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development. USA Houghton Mifflin Company. 2011. 3rd ed 8 . Ibd 9 . Ibd 10 . Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) Handbook of Family Literacy. Third Avenue, New York Routledge. 2012. 2nd ed. 11 . Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY The Guilford Press. 2011. p24-25. 2nd ed. 12 . Ibd p25. 13 . Ibd p 25. 14 . Brown, A. I. Children of Teenage Mothers school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States ProQuest LLC. 2009. p38. 15 . Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. (India Kalpaz Publication. 2010. p196. 16 . Ibd p196. 17 . Ibd p196. 18 . Ibd p196. 19 . Neaum, S. Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London Learning Matters. 2012. 20 . Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development.USA Houghton Mifflin Company.2011. 3rd ed 21 . Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. India Kalpaz Publication. 2009. p196. 22 . VanderVen, K. Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY Springer. 2011. p8. 2nd ed. 23 . Ibd p8. 24 . Ibd p9. 25 . Ibd p10. 26 . Ibd p11.

Hero Cycle from the Odyessy Essay

Homers Odyssey provides a clear illustration of Joseph Campbells wiz oscillation through the expeditions and characterization of the protagonist Odysseus. The hero cycle is used in epics to describe the journey of the hero from bad to good. In The Odyssey, Odysseus is characterized as arrogant, and and his journey from hubris to humility. The hero cycle is a theme that epics follow. It counterbalances off with a departure then goes to an initiation where they come to an stopping point in their evanesce. Odysseus test is to see help him heal hubris. He mustiness learn self-control, and humbleness.He comes to a breaking point because of some of the tasks that he endures, he must overcome them to help him with his enquire for life change. They start off in a departure phase where Odysseus gets the notification from Menelaus and Agamemnon that he needs to parting their home for Troy even though he does not want to go. He had vertical had his son Telemachus and he wanted to be th ere for him. He realized that it was his duty and that he take to go. Then, in the hero cycle there is usu all in ally a supernatural figure that helps them with materials or knowledge.This is a god, monster, superhero, ghost, or fairy tale creature. When Odysseus and his fleet leave and come to their first part of conflict during their journey. When he is on his mien he gets his visit from genus Athene, goddess of wisdom. She is a strategist and often fights in wars. She came to Odysseus on his way to Troy with words for the wise. Then he encounters his first test. This is the battle between the Greeks and Trojans. He was able to survive the war. The Trojan War had lasted 10 years and lastly it was over. This is only the beginning of his journey.The second step of the hero cycle is initiation. This is when the tests and climax happen. Odysseus endures many tests with creatures that test him externally and also internally. Along the way Odysseus gets aided by many supernatural ex istences. He would not be able to go survive without their assistance. aft(prenominal) winning the Trojan War Odysseus decide to attack the island of the Ciccones where he lost a ton of me, about six men from every ship he had. This demonstrates a clear act of hubris and stupidity. Odysseus thought he was racy and mighty for commanding some of the Greek army to their great victory.After leaving this island he went to the island of the lotus eaters which had his men not wanting to leave the island so he had to tie his men down to the boat. After the island of the lotus eaters Odysseus went to the island of the Cyclopes, where he met Polyphemus. This is a place where he shows that he shows clear acts of hubris. He tells the Cyclopes, after dazzling him, that his name was Nohbody, which is very clever. When he and his ships were leaving he yelled to him his real name and guided Polyphemus who was throwing rocks at him with his voice. This was just plain stupid and arrogant.Polyphemu s prayed to his father, Poseidon that Odysseus should never return to Ithaca. Following the visit to the Cyclopes was island of Aeolus. He is the keeper of winds. He gave Odysseus a bag of winds and told him to clean it when he was close to ithaca. He told his crew to not open it but of course they did thinking he was cheating the crew and they were blown back to Aeolus. Then he goes to the island of the Laestrygonians and they kill the rest of his fleet except for his boat. They end up on Circes Island and his men get turned into animals. He gets them turned back with the help of Hermes words and him coaxing her.He gets the knowledge from Circe that he must go to Hades. He goes and talks to a bunch of people who tell him of his past and future. This is where Odysseus has a change of heart and learns that he must recover from hubris. This is the turning point of his life. When he leaves he goes past the sirens where he demonstrates some more hubris. He then encounters the Scylla, a 6 headed monster where it eats 6 of his men. After escaping him they ended up on Thrinikia where they were not allowed to eat any cattle on the island. They all did except Odysseus and when they set sail the boat got destroyed.This is a start on recovery. Finally Odysseus ends up on Ogygia with Calypso. This is where Odysseus spends seven years able to think about what to do and what to change. The final part of the cycle is the return. This part of the cycle is when Odysseus makes all of his changes in life that need to be made, then puts them to use. When at Ogygia, Calypso gets a visit from Hermes saying that he is able to leave. When he does, he journeys across the seas until he gets to the island of the Phaecians. When here he talks to Nausicaa who helps him see the king, her father, and get a ship for his trip to Ithaca.When he arrives on Ithaca he was told by Athena to be a beggar and not Odysseus. This way he is able to see what it is like without him. When he meets Telema chus for the first time he does not break down his identity, showing self-control. After he does reveal his identity, he makes Telemachus promise that he will not tell Penelope. Odysseus thinks it would be a bad idea to combat back into the castle and demand his throne. This would mess up everything and would eventually cause a battle. Penelope decides that is time for a new husband so she tells all the suitors to string Odysseus bow and shoot it through 12 axes.No one could do it until the beggar tried, this is Odysseus. He then kills all of the suitors, starting with Alchinous. Penelope motionlessness could not believe it so she tests him and says that she will move her olive tree bed that he made for her outside of their room for him to sleep on. This is a symbol of their firm relationship and his throne. He stops her and explains to her that she cant. Only then, does Penelope truly accept that that was Odysseus. The book ends leaving you with all of the suitors families ar ok and they go through a settlement, the kingdom is back in order, and Telemachus has finally become a man.Joseph Campbells cycle is all about a heros journey from good to bad. In The Odyssey this is shown throughout the story and follows the cycle closely. At first Odysseus starts off with being arrogant when Polyphemus is throwing rocks after being blinded by Odysseus and Odysseus is yelling at him and taunting him which guides Polyphemus who is throwing rocks toward their ship. He then after visiting Hades and learning what he must do and how he needs to change his ways he has the option of hearing the sirens song while tied to the mast of the boat or he cannot hear the song and just keep his ears plugged.He of course, chooses to hear the song. Soon after that they are on the island of Thrinikia where he starts to listen and understand what he must do and he was specifically told not to eat any of the cattle on the island. He didnt but his men did. He survived but his men didnt. Then when arriving upon Ithaca instead of barging in and demanding his throne back, Odysseus was very humble and patient by acting as a beggar. This shows self-control and when everything is over you look back at how Odysseus handled things and realize that he has recovered from hubris.

Ethical Theories Essay

It is vital for championshipes to understand the importance of ethics in this dynamic environment. Organizations that atomic number 18 commit to long term success recognize and realize that creating a culture where h one(a)st behaviors are rewarded and encouraged is the ultimate key to survival and growth. correspond to Joseph 2003, business ethics refers to clear standards and norms that help employees to distinguish amend from wrong behavior at work, while in the other hand ethical theories are theories that con side of meatr learning what is right and wrong and doing the right thing but the fact that the right thing is not straight forward brings in the subject of ethical dilemmas. Norm in ally ethical theories privy be broken up into two separate groups, teleological and deontological. teleological theories look to the rightness of exploits and are determined by the amount of good consequences they produce and focus on outcomes that are base on decisions. In teleologi cal theories these actions are solelyified by the virtue of what the actions achieve, quite a than some feature of the actions themselves.In other words, decisions that benefit the overall goal and/or objective is collectively believed as a way to justify what is right or wrong. The philosophy of utilitarianism is one of the most commonly used and accepted ethical theories in the teleological group and is linked to Jeremy Bentham and arse S Mills. According to Crane and Matten (2010) utilitarianism is defined as an action which is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action. This principle focuses solely on the consequences of an action and it weighs the good results against the bad results. It also encourages the action that results in the greatest amount of good for all people involved. Utilitarianism is in truth powerful in business since it puts at the centre of the moral decision a variable which measure s the value of an action. Deontological by contrast to teleological, consequences are irrelevant when find out what is right and wrong. Deontological possible action states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another(prenominal) individual or company because up retentivity ones duty is what is considered ethically correct. For instance, a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law.A person who follows thistheory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individuals set duties. Deontological ethical systems are business organisationed with the record of an action that is being judged, whereas teleological judges the consequences of the act rather than the act itself. Founded by Immanuel Kant, Kantian Ethics is the iconic representation of deontological theories. Kantianism emphasizes the principle s behind actions rather than an actions results. Acting rightly thus requires being motivated by fitting universal principles that treat everyone with respect. When youre motivated by the right principles, you crucify your animal instincts and act ethically. Until the great mass of the people shall be filled with the sense of responsibility for each others welfare, social justice can never be attained (Helen Keller). John Rawls, an American moral and political philosopher, whose major work, A Theory of Justice, had a profound impact on ethics and political theory, believed there must be an alternative view of justice than the view of the Utilitarianism where the action that benefits the greatest is the best. Rawls believed that the principles of justice and fairness among individuals must be fair.John Rawls, social justice theory seeks to create a society where the principles of justice and fairness are provided and to ensure the protection of equal access to liberties, rights, an d opportunities, as intimately as taking fearfulness of the least advantaged members of society. The concept is based around a social contract, which is the voluntary agreement among people with each another and the administration which results in an organized society. On the other hand, the philosophy of virtue ethics, which primarily deals with the ways in which a person should live, has puzzled philosophers from the beginning of time. Recognized as one of the greatest philosophers in the world, Aristotle explains virtue as a character trait that manifests itself in habitual action. This theory claims that virtues are traits of character that you must arrange actively so that they become a part of you and shapes you into becoming a sinless ethical person. So when you are a virtuous person, you will deal a prosperous fulfilled life. Since there are many contrasting interpretations regarding a precise definition of virtue, Aristotle theory argues that the individual needs prac tical wisdom, which is what a person needs in order to live well.On the contradictory side there is Milton Friedman, who is known as one of the greatest and most influential economists and public intellectuals in theworld. He was a firm believer of free-market capitalism which would in turn contribute and adequately administer wealth throughout the nation. right economists, such as Milton Friedman, claim that business is most responsible when it makes profit efficiently, not when it misapplies its energy on social projects, Friedman determines that it is in the best interests for firms to maximize mesh. With this Friedman is invoking a deontological, not consequentialist, theory. A consequentialist reading Friedmans work would look to identify an ends justifies the means sense of reasoning. Friedman however makes clear the means of achieving the ends are important, as profits need to be maximized within the regulatory environment and main focus. Along the same steps as Friedman we throw Friedrich Hayek, who follows the libertarianism theory. Libertarianism is a set of related political philosophies that uphold liberty as the highest political end.This includes emphasis the primary of individual liberty, political freedom, and voluntary association. This theory and Hayek stress that the market will see care of itself, the ideal market is self-regulating and it limits government intervention and/or involvement in the marketplace. Libertarianism expresses that people pee certain natural rights and deprivation of those rights is immoral. The entitlement theory just like Hayek, also supports a market system with little to none government intervention, this theory of justice is known by Robert Nozick. Nozicks entitlement theory is based on the following three principles one, a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in encyclopedism is authorise to that holding second, a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the pr inciple of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding and third, no one is entitled to a holding except by repeated applications of 1 and 2 (Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974, p.151). According to the entitlement theory, people should only possess what they are actually entitled to according to these principles. Many of these theories are seen throughout the cases from the book Ethics and the Conduct of Business by John R. Boatright. Case 3.2 Exporting Pollution is perfect prototype that includes different military positions and insights into such theories.The case summarizes as follows, Rebbeca Wright, an assistant to the vice president of environmental affairs at Americhem, savors the opportunity to apply hertraining to public constitution analysis that her company faces. She is convinced that cost-benefit analysis, her specialty, provides a rational decision-making tool that cuts through personal feelings and lays bare the hard eco nomic realities. Jim Donnelly, Rebeccas boss, started her with a draft of a memo that she thought would create a furor if it were ever made public. Jim is preparing a memo of where to establish the companys new location of their chemic correct. The main problem is that atmospheric pollutants caused by the plant will produce a persistent haze and some of the particles have been known to cause colored cancer in a small portion of people exposed. Four main points about this location are further discussed of what would happen if this new plant opened. Milton Friedmans, Kant, and deontological ethics can be seen in this case.Friedmans perspective for this case would have Rebecca to follow her duties because this would be doing what would bring the most profits and doing what the stakeholders would want. For deontological and Kants perspective on the other hand, it may be argued both ways. Rebecca must follow her duties regardless of the consequences she is working towards, because sh e has a specific duty she must perform. If she follows the rules she would benefit herself, the company, and all the stakeholders. At the time Kantian ethics still implies that one must follow moral law regardless of the consequences. So because this new plant may cause liver cancer and inflict pain on others, Rebecca can disagree with the companys decision on manufacturing the new plant. For this case, it depends on which side Rebecca wishes to stand as to what is ethical or not. Whether to support or not the construction of the new plant has ethical attributes with both benefits and consequences.Lavish Pay at Harvard is another example great example that applies to some of the theories explained. Jack R. Meyer, the head of Harvard Universitys $20 billion endowment fund was under pressure to multifariousness the hire plan for the funds top investment managers due to the high amount of endowment the top five employees were receiving. A few Harvard alumni protested, their collectiv e concern was that they thought the amount of money being paid to those folks was obscene. The compensation of the endowment fund managers far exceeded the salaries of Harvard faculty member and administrators, including the president, who made around half(a) a million dollars. Also, the 5% hike n tuition for Harvard students in 2004 was equalto the $0 million paid to the two highest earners. Although Harvard has the grownst university endowment, the salaries and bonuses paid to the managers greatly exceeded the compensation paid at any other school. In response to the critics, Mr. Meyer noted that the alumni failed to recognize that the amount of bonuses paid does not add up to the value they are giving the university.The schools large endowment was used in many ways to benefit students such as the coverage of 72% financial aid for undergraduate students, no tuition for families earning less than $60,0000, and it also enable the school to increase the faculty in growing areas an d to expand facilities. In the end, Harvard decided to cap the compensation of fund managers. The result was that Jack Meyer and his team of managers left to start their own investment companies, at which many could earn 10 times than they did at Harvard. Teleological and Utilitarianism theories are two great theories that can be applied to this case. With both of these theories we can argue that the amount of money that was being used to pay these managers/employees was a reasonable pay due to what they were giving back to the college. Millions of students and faculty were benefiting from Mr. Meyer and his team, which thats the main focus on both of these theories actions are right if they are profitable or are for the benefit of the majority and the end justifies the means. Although they were getting paid large amounts of money their return on the student population had a high impact. Some of Nozicks beliefs can be seen in Case 3.4 A Sticky Situation. Kent Graham is an account m anager for Dura-Stick Label Products, which has a well-deserved reputation for quality, proficient knowledge, and service that enables the company to command a premium price for its products in a very competitive market.Kent has been with Dura Stick for 2 years and his accomplishments have been going downhill and fears his time with company may end leaving his wife and children to provide for. Kent calls Jack Olson at Spray-On Inc. about landing a large account. Jack informs Kent of a new product of theirs they would need labels for, which Jack promises they can do. Although, Kent later finds out Dura-Stick cannot make the desired products so must use another company and mark up the prices so Dura-Stick can still make profit. Kent uses the companys image as leverage to convince Jack to take the deal. This situation can be argued in different ways for Kent and Dura Stick. Kent knows that he has to land a big timeaccount and he knows he must do so in order to provide for his family. Though he does lie to customer, he isnt doing anything illegal. Nozicks belief of just acquisition is an excellent example in this situation. As long as the seller had rightful ownership, the transaction is just and proper, but if not, then possession is not proper and victims have to be compensated or transaction undone.In contradictive of Nozick, Aristotles theory of virtue would argue that this case is exactly what a person with virtuous ethics shouldnt do. Virtues are traits of character that you must practice actively so that they become a part of you and shapes you into becoming a virtuous ethical person. Because of his actions, Kent is putting in jeopardy his honesty, loyalty, self-control virtues, shaping him in the wrong ethical approach. These theories emphasize different aspects of an ethical dilemma and lead to the most ethically correct resolution according to the guidelines within the ethical theory itself. People can use these theories and the wisdom of these philosop hers to determine what is ethical and what is not. Though all decisions have their advantages and disadvantages, by applying this knowledge one can come closer to making the right ethical decision.

Conservatism Is Merely A Ruling Class Ideology

Conservatism has three strands Traditional, New Right and Post New right conservatism. It serves in the fire of the full-bodied and the right way and it serves in the interest of every sociable class, including the poor. Marxists in particular would argue that conservatism is a class based ideology. They would also argue that ideologies reflect the interest of a particular class. Burke was a traditional conservative and he commitd in the organic produce. Traditional conservatives are motivated by the organic state they believe that the society is a living entity, rather than a mechanism.They consider society as a pyramid and command structure, which serves in the interest of the rich because society is fixed and the rich bequeath always be at the top. Society can never have social equality because of hierarchy. They do non believe in meritocracy and individualism, they believe that society is more important than the individual, therefore they believe in collectivism. People m ay believe that the ideology is good but in reality it is non because people do not have rights they have duties and conservatives still recognize equality of status.Socialists believe in economic equality, this is the only equality that does not keep people down. Conservatism was reaction against Liberalism (French revolution). Burke was against the French revolution. Disraeli was also motivated by class interest. He introduced One-nation conservatism, which was about charge social cohesion between the rich and the poor. Disraeli gave the vote to the urban cliping class male because if he did not the Liberals would have done so. Burke formerly said that he the palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy meaning that the rich are not happy when the poor are not satisfied.If the poor is not satisfied then there will not be social stability, because there will be a revolution. Burke introduced social reforms to obstruction a revolution. Randolph Churchill formulated Tory d emocracy which stated that in order to gain the support of the working-class they have to develop the empire by making them believe in it. They did not want to do too much for the poor, but rather to help them enough to keep them happy. Conservatives voted against the NHS, which was brought in by Labour, because it is a judgement class ideology.They only decided to accept the NHS because they are pragmatic and they did not believe in nationalized industries because it took power away for the poor. They believed in the mixed economy. They disliked nationalization and wanted to privatize most nationalized businesses. They introduced the minimum wage and it was popular and a vote superchargener. In 1979, Thatcher became Prime Minister and she also served the interest of the rich. She privatized industries such as British telecom, British railways.Liberal New right believed in and rolling back the state, hence the belief in laissez-faire economics. They believed in the non-interventio nist state, that the state will not intervene in the economy to help the poor. For example the Battle of Orgreaves, the miners strike the government refused to subsidize what they called the uneconomic picks. Thatcher setup grant maintained schools which got more money. Schools were a two tier system and the better-off benefited from this. This basically suggests that Thatcher reeks of the rich.Society was more differential because people had more respect. Disraeli introduced one-nation conservatism, and he was genuinely concerned about the poor, demonstrate in his quote, there is a gap between the rich and the poor and his Crystal Palace speech. Disraeli detested capitalism because it creates inequality and exploits workers. He did what he had to do to stop a revolution, the invention of One-nation. Burke believed in the organic state and this was not just about the rich and the poor, as a traditional conservative he believed that everyone should be valued equally.The whole of the ideology was paternalistic meaning that conservatism like a father cares for the people, not just in the interest of the rich. This is substantiate in the quote, Society is a partnership between it suggests that we are all valuable. All traditional conservatives believe in social reforms because of the rule of One-nation. In Harold Macmillans affection Way (1938), he advocates the mixed economy. After the WWII, they realized that there was a new way to help the poor by accepting the welfare state, they also received Keynesianism by reflate the economy.Conservatives were very Keynes on grammar school, after all Thatcher went to a Grammar school. As Liberal New right Thatcher believed I meritocracy, individualism and embourgeoisement. Individualism delegacy you can make it and meritocracy means that you can make it on merit. For example, selling councils houses buying it means that it is now our property, owned democracy. People could buy shares, share owning democracy, not just the rich and the powerful, but also the poor. Post-New right, neo-liberal leaders Hague, Smith, Major, Howard and Cameron, all have business interest.Cameron has adopted and fused neo-liberalism with elements of One-nation. Cameron believes in social responsibility. This means that society has to work together to look after and care for each other, however if we care for each other the government will not help us. For example Jamie Oliver it was not the government that improved school dinners. Social responsibility is a way of saying rolling back the state, Cameron uses One-nation rhetoric, though he still wants a littler state, he does not want to regulate the state.He wants to take politicians out of the NHS. He fused neo-liberal elements and one-nation because he cares about the economy, example targeting families who have to pay child-minders sooner they pay money to family relatives to look after your children. This is One-nation because keeps social cohesion. In 1979, the wor king-class voted Thatcher in because in 1983, the Conservatives promised that people could buy council houses and Labour said they would nationalize the banks. Thatcher would win because she had taken on the Falklands war and found victory.

Latin American Religions Essay

What be close to major attributes of Latin American universality? Identify and describe at least two distinctions and allow in how they are distinct from Catholicism elsewhere.The Central American War had changed the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America. In the 1980s, the clergys had decided to go against the Catholic Church mainly the Vatican despite the various threats, and began to answer the poor which were struggling for their equality and their rights. The Catholic activism was in support of the change however, it did influence guerilla movements in certain parts of Latin America such as Nicaragua, Salvador, Guatemala. This had introduced moral and spiritual justification. Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, a wing of the church surfaced as a powerful ideological force in the struggle to end authoritarian regimes, (Meade, T., 2010).In what ways have African religions influenced Latin American Catholicism?Latinos are comprised of a great conglomeration of ethnicities, traditions, and customs, which are traditionally, expressed by a common lyric poem (Spanish) and religion (Catholocism). For instance, Latin American values and traditions received a great influence from Catholicism and original beliefs. Similarly, African traditions also permeated the Latin American culture, especially in the Caribbean region. This unique syncretism between Catholicism, and indigenous and African traditions allowed the survival of folk traditions, which led to the creation of several healing approaches, (www.egochicagoschools.com, 2012).Should Latin American Catholicism be considered polytheistic? Why or why not? there are various polytheistic religions that are practiced today. umpteen of the religions today outside of Catholicism moot in more than one God. However, the Catholics believe in one God and one God only. I do think the Catholicism necessarily to be consistent meaning the Catholicism that is being practices within Latin American nee ds to be the same e actuallywhere else. Once others start to deviate from Catholicism then it begins to start a unfermented religion and moves away from the beliefs of the Catholicism. Only the Vatican may assess and make changes within the Catholic Religions. How have churches fostered or hindered social changes in Latin America? After the civil war, Latin Americans had turned to other religions. For everyplace 500 years, many Latin Americans were considered loyal to the Catholic religions.However, it quickly turned to be a fixture to Protestants. In the Liberation area other religions had developed such as Evangelical and Pentecostal. These religions are very different from the Catholicism. These religions speak in tongue, rely on baptism, accept the Holy Spirit, and emotional rituals. With these new religions develop the social changes in Latin America does provide a much broader outlook on their beliefs. There are various groups or community gatherings within the particular religion. Each religion unites and brings together their credit and social aspects within their own community. How has Protestantism spread in Latin America in the past? Is it different than the factors that are promoting the current growth in Protestantism in this region? How and why?The Protestantism had spread in Latin America in the past due to the fact of various discrepancies within the Catholic Religion. For instance, in 1980s, the Guatemalans had begun to change their beliefs and lean more to the Protestants. This was proven in 2005, when a massive amount of members of the Catholic Church had begun to leave the church as rapid growth. The new leading religion was the Pentecostal church. Many of the new religions were still created by using the Catholic religion as their foundation.ReferenceA record of Modern Latin America. 1800 to the Present, Meade, T., 2010 http//ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/index.aspx?sid=843&gid=3&pgid=760

The Lottery Comparison of Tradition

Marg art Urquhart Professor Daniels ENC1102 15 March 2013 An Outrageous Tale Standing in termination for hours, impatiently waiting for the front doors of our favorite stores to open, to be nearly trampled upon for discounted items, is a usance we, as Ameri faecess, uniform to call Black Friday. Black Friday is the day following Thanksgiving Day in the United States, a great deal regarded as the beginning of the Christmas shopping season. To get hoi polloi in the spirit, most major retailers open onwards the sun comes up and offers promotional sales to kick off the holiday shopping season.Ameri bottoms consider acquiring in the spirit, by waking at the crack of dawn to pry items out of other hatfuls hands while at the same time getting pushed and shoved by crazy amounts of people on the same hunt. We call a tradition a belief or behavior passed muckle within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special import that has origin from the past. Black Friday is the ace tra dition that I thought was the worst until reading The draft, by Shirley capital of Mississippi. Jackson uses irony to suggest an underlying evil, guile, and weakness of gentleman kind.Jackson shows many important lessons about human temperament in this short story including barbaric traditions in a supposedly civilized village, the communitys hypocrisy, and how violence and cruelty take place. The Lottery tells the story of an annual tradition in a bantam village, where the people are close and tradition is paramount. The Lottery is a yearly event in which wholeness person in the townsfolk is randomly chosen, by a drawing, to be violently stoned by friends and family.The villagers dont really know untold about the drawings origin tho try to preserve the tradition nevertheless they believed that someone had to be sacrificed to insure a good crop. Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon, said Old Man Warner. The villagers allow an outdated tradition to run their outlives and c ontrol whether they live or die. The black shock symbolizes death the name of the winner to be stoned is drawn from the box at every lottery, it represents tradition in the fact that it is old(a) and worn.It has been in existence plainly forever and though there is talk of replacing it, the reader can infer that there will be no such change. The villagers are aware that the sacrifice is inhumane but none want to stand and voice their opinion because they are afraid of how it may affect their lives. The lottery has been practiced in this town for such a long time that it makes tradition so powerful, its like a force of nature, and the people of the village cant imagine rebelling against it.The black box represents tradition in aspects to it being old the characters mention that they did not want to get rid of the old box because it was made of splinters of the original box. The town is so focused on how things were and how things watch forever been that they cannot see any new or improved ways of living. Nevertheless, the lottery continues simply because there has constantly been a lottery. In The Lottery, the idea of hypocrisy is seen throughout the story. This theme is evident by the tradition of the lottery itself as well as the characters actions.The theme of hypocrisy is often attached to the idea of religion. Mr. Adams questions the traditions of the lottery and Mr. Summers says, theres always been a lottery, and that it would be nought but trouble. With these statements I feel that this tradition has been some for such a long time that if they were to get rid of it, in return it would turn the town upside down and the villagers wouldnt know how to react to not having it. They keep the tradition alive til now they create nothing but trouble in determining who dies. The character Mrs. Hutchinsons best friend, Mrs.Delacroix, is one of the first to casually discuss the lottery and in contrast she is the first to pick up a rock to stone her so cal led friend. Jacksons use of such a tradition and these ordinary characters demonstrates how hypocritical we are in society and is cautioning readers to questions those ideas set in stone. Shirley Jackson shows us that violence is a part of human nature, and that it can be disguised in many ways. The setting of the story is seemingly civilized and peaceful, while the stoning is a cruel and ferocious act. This shows us that horrifying acts of violence can take place anywhere at any time, by ordinary citizens.Violence and cruelty are a major theme because we do not live in a perfect world where nothing bad ever goes wrong there is violence and cruelty all around us. We see human cruelty in its worst form because there is no excuse for it. Jacksons example illustrates how mankind can become a victim to its own mindless traditions. For example, one child in the story was visualized this way Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed h is example. (Jackson 194) This quote shows how people are mindless chase just because everyone else is doing it.This strange tale is twisted in ways that show us so much about human nature and the way we are in society. The themes that are unraveled throughout the story are shocking, teaching us about human nature on a different level. People live by the term, If everyone else is doing it, then I should too. This shows how even though the tradition has been going on for so long, no one actually knows when it originated they only continue it because its the tradition of the town. The violence and cruelty that comes into play is brutal in the sense that Mrs.Hutchinsons friends were the first to stone her and not have any problem with it, which shows the hypocrisy of human beings. The people of the town disguise the evil tradition of the lottery by following orders without asking any questions. Getting pushed and shoved in line for long hours for an item is a tradition that we shoul d not have in America anymore, but still do because everyone does it. In the same sense, dying is drastically worsened than getting pushed and shoved they cant stop the tradition of The Lottery because its what everyone in town does.

“Nanotechnology-implications and future” Essay

Na nonechnology is actually a fairly new idea .Nanotechnology is engineering, science, and technology which is conducted on nanoscale .It is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.It is applicable in all the fields of science such as Biology, Materials science ,Physics and Engineering . Nanoscience involves the great power to examine and to control individual atoms and molecules .Scientists currently match the hereafter implications of nanotechnology.Nanoscience or Nanotechnology is able to create m whatever an(prenominal) new materials and devices with a vast range of applications.On the other hand , it raises many problems as any new technology including concerns about toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials ,and their effects on global economies . Nanorobotics core group on self-sufficient machines which operate at nanoscale . There are hopes for applying nanorobotics in medicine ,yet it may not be easy to do such things because of drawbacks o f such devices .Scientists on the moment have actually launch that some of nanoparticles on which they are working can go through human skin .This could for good damage our skin cells , causing cancer. If we are using nanoscience in everyday life in future , then it could affect the environment very oftentimes , so we dont have that much advanced facilities to stop nanoparticles from going through them .Nanotechnology can make our life luxurious , but we may even lose an identity as humanity .

Online vs Offline Distribution Strategies for Hotels

In order to set the context of the presentation, it is important to examine where the distri providedion scheme takes draw a bead on in the spherical marketing strategy. According to Meidan and Lee (1982), iv main stages constitute the global marketing strategy of hotels identification of the target market and the needs of these customers formulation of the marketing objectives definition of the constraints (mainly joined to the environment of the hotel) and finally, allocation of marketing resources.This last stage digest itself be divided in four components, following the Marketing Mix model of McCarthy (1960) product, place (also called statistical statistical distribution), promotion and price. Before the internet and online technologies, the distribution impart were limited in the hotel industry. They could be separated into two categories direct and indirect short letters of distribution. Direct channel was the internal Sales team of the hotel. Salespeople were of vital importance when it came to making contacts with companies, organisations and channel intermediaries, such as give-up the ghost agents (Meidan and Lee, 1982).Indirect channels of distribution include Tour Operators (travel agents), airlines and in centralized operations in the case of franchised or chains of hotels. In these circumstances, what kind of distribution strategy can be put in place? The importance of intermediaries in creating value has been outlined by Dub? and Renaghan (2000). Surveys amongst travel agents have shown that the expectations of these different actors differ. scrap in the top ten hotel practices cited by these intermediaries stands the criteria hotel has good sales representation, while first is that the hotel has current reservations computer.This last argument might nowadays be seen as a required attribute, but in 2000 this was seen as an advantage to the hotel. A nonher example of distribution strategy is developing intermediaries trueness, and the a ttributes leading to this loyalty differ between travel agents and meeting planners. All these criteria changed with the arrival of internet, as studied in the adjacent section. The importance of the internet in marketing and distribution is undisputed by scholars and has been for years.This is no different for Hoteliers who can access this resource through a number of different ways. Their own website allows hotels to have to a greater extent responsive pricing strategies, keep education about themselves up to date, and provides the easiest method to have contact with customers. Online directory websites, tour doer websites, and travel agency websites all act as intermediaries between the hotel and customer in much the corresponding way as the offline travel agent used to do but to a global audience.Whilst victorious a commission these can still be profit maximising channels for hotels because they sell to a broader customer base than the hotel would otherwise have access to. Review websites, whilst non run by hotels either, are also a crucial contact network with consumers. They are trusted by consumers and tap into pronounce of Mouth which has long been recognized as effective. Search engines have similarly been identified as unremarkably used by potential tourists and provide huge amounts of traffic to hotel websites.It is therefore important to consider get advertising space through these for the Hoteliers distribution channel. Whilst search engines and review sites are not technically distribution channels (as you cannot book on them) they are still important to be sensitive on when looking from a hotels perspective at the online system. Having said all this it is important to esteem how fast moving the technology is in this section and therefore the best hotels will have an pith on the future and how that will effect distribution channels.This is what the following section will look at. in advance(p) distribution strategies such as IVR Hot el Reservation System and Promoted Hotels on Google Hotel Finder are the future, where it will be easier for Hoteliers to promote themselves than ever before. It opens a bidding war between various OTAs to provide the last price. Various innovations in social media can level offtually lead to the death of Online Travel Agencies. But on the other hand, search engines will have nothing to worry about as there is just now anything better than search.There has been a rapid increase in mobile bookings in recent years. More and more(prenominal) people have started victimization their mobile devices to make various reservations. Hence, Hoteliers should also focus more on developing their mobile websites, enhancing the user experience and making their website and content more discoverable by using search engine optimization techniques. They should also ensure that all the content on the site is multi-lingual because education is accessed by a global market.In todays world, travellers a re exposed to so much information approach path via different platforms that they no longer keep track of the source of information or even the format. They do not know the difference between media channels and content formats. In other words, the coming together of media channels and consumers has led to a new channel customer engagement. Hence, hotel distributors should pay more vigilance to direct online channel and its various sectors such as websites, social media platforms, mobile web development and so on.They need to invest more in multi-channel distribution and marketing strategies. We conclude with a summary of the merits of offline and online distribution channels today. For offline this includes the ability for up-sale to customers, access to a demand of customers wanting an easier time booking holidays that their own distribution channels might exclude, and the fact that the face-to-face contact can provide friendlier fundamental interaction with customers the hotel is otherwise not able to provide.Offline will remain important in the present day by selling more tailor-made products and specific experiences. For Hoteliers it is important to tap this market as well. At the same time online is apparently an important distribution method as well. It allows hotels greater flexibility and control, a globalisation of the product, increased interaction with customers, an ease of pricing and allows an incorporation of social- and multi-media.

My Car

When I look at my simple machine all I can think about is the future for it and how glorious it will look when I am finished. I drive a cable carbon steel grey 2013 Volkswagen GET and I love it. Currently I only shake off a couple of fittings done to it but I brook a key out of plans for the future, for when I suck up the money. On my list of modifications, current and future, I can divide the modifications into three important categories locomotive strength, cosmetic coming into court, and handling.Some of the modifications may be in for than one category but all of the modifications principal sum to my car looking, sounding, and aromaing tremendous. Engine power was the first thing I started to work on when I first got my car. First I went too tuning shop and had Leo, the experienceer of the shop, install an PAR ramification 1 refresh which took the car from pH to about pH. That modification really woke the car up qualification it a pocket-size faster and a lot un told fun to drive.The next power modification I did was a cat-back exhaust which claimed to give the car 15 ore horse power but I did not feel any difference. The cat-back exhaust only make the car louder and gave the car a more aggressive look from the back. After the cat- back exhaust I installed an air intake which make the car more arouse efficient, gave it about 5 extra horsepower, and allowed the car to have an awesome blow slay sound. The final power modification I have done so faraway was arrogateting on a three inch downside and a stages refresh which took the car from about pH to about pH.My power edification I hope to get in the future are an intake manifold, larger fuel injectors, Audit re coil packs, a key turbo kit from PAR, and a larger intercooler. For cosmetic appearance I have not done too many things yet but the things I have done made the car look much better and gave it a little bit of my own personal style. The first thing I did for appearance was changing my head light and for light to HID light, this made the car look much more aggressive and gave me better visibility in the night.The next locomote I did was tint the windows, I made them very dark in the back I suppose it was a 5% tint. After that I painted my grill strips teal and added four teal stickers nearly the car. Two stickers are on the countermand window and the other two are on my rear side windows. For cosmetic appearance that is all I have been able to do so far but I do plan to at last get new(a) headlights, new taillights, larger wheels, and the put down the car on coil oversee. Handling is the category where I have done very little to affect it.I eave only done two things to affect handling and those two things are lowering springs and new tires. The lowering spring affect handling because they lower the car center of gravity making the car not lean so much in the corners. The tires help handling by allowing the car to get more traction so it does not slide ar ound as much and because the car have more traction it can take corners at a faster speed. I plan to eventually get coil oversee, stronger sway bars, and new wheels. All of those items will help the car handle much better.Looking at my car now makes me think of all the hard work I have put into it and how I look forward to doing a lot more work on it. Out of engine functioning, cosmetic appearance, and handling I have done the most work on engine performance and the least work on improving handling. I hope in the next coming class I can save up enough money to do all of modifications I would manage to do on my car and when I am finally finished my car will look, sound, and feel amazing. But, as every car person knows, a project car is never finished.

Critically discuss the view that gender is relevant to the study of Essay - 1

Critically discuss the view that gender is relevant to the study of INTELLIGENCE. Ground your answer in theory and illustrate w - Essay specimenIn further researches, information information theory has opened new line of thinking concerning the recognition of a wider range of human intellect (Gardner 2006). Thus, intelligence as a subject matter in numerous researches and studies is greatly established. discussion theories and its implications on other fields like psychology (Piaget 1950), sociology and neurobiology (Gray and Thompson 2004) are also inseparable in our transforming of human mind and intellect. In this paper, the discussion of human intelligence by exploring its similarity to gender, as one of the probable variables of intelligence-difference among humans, will be explored. The discussion of the background and brief history of intelligence test will also be presented in order to understand better the subject matter. Intelligence theories will be analyzed in relation to gender in accordance with the objective to depend the correlation between the two. Examples of researches with regards to the said concepts will be investigated to further substantiate the paper. Signifi sesst results will be analyzed and will be integrated in making a conclusion for the paper. Intelligence and gender may both refer to abstract concepts that people made up in order to understand the events and matters related to the concepts (Hacking 1999 Kessler and McKenna 1978). Though this is the case, significant numbers of research are done to analyze and identify the correlation between the two concepts. Consequently, many issues concerning the ethics and moral implications of the studies are raised as the ideas involved are very sensitive matters (Messick 1980). Considering gender issues for instance, we see that the possibility of claiming some basis for discrimination may outpour if certain(a) researches and surveys will be introduced to the public. In the c ase of the idea of intelligence, some people who are subject to testing and evaluation using intelligence tests competency have problems in accepting the results of the assessment as they might feel insecure and depressed because of it (Zammit et al 2004). Though some claims that intelligence is a construct and can be hardly measured (Humphreys 1979 Scott-Wittenborn 2004), many arguably refer to it as a human peculiarity that can be calculated and quantified (Galton 1883 Binet 1905 Kline 1991). The interests to quantify human intelligence go beyond analyzing the mind functions as theorists and makers of intelligence tests like Galton (1883), Binet (1905), Spearman (1904), and Thurstone (1938) successfully designed an assessment program that will measure and categorize intelligence on the basis of their own definitions of studied subject. Today, intelligence in the way the said theorists defined it in the context of their time has changed its meaning in various ways. The lay conce ption of intelligence (Sternberg 2000) has transformed in terms of how intelligence was defined based on the areas an individual human can be a genius of. Traditionally, intelligence is measured based on logical and mathematical reasoning and similar assessment. Today, though the traditional one is still being used (Eysenck 2007), fundamental changes in seeing intelligence in a different and a more wide-ranging perspective are being observed. New theories on the subject like the