Annotated Bibliography (rough draft) Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography (rough tipple) EssayIn the passage Shitty First Drafts by Anne Lamott from Bird by Bird, the author promotes that shitty first drafts are the key to nearly successful particles of opus. Lamott indicates that most writers have shitty first drafts and that all good writers write them(21.) In order to have a good piece of writing one must vomit all of their ideas onto paper. Lamotts friend calls it the down draft (25.) In this draft you should get all your thoughts down, even if you sound the like a child (22. ) The first draft isnt exhalation to make much sense but it doesnt matter because no one is going to see it(23.)With this down draft you can edit it and organize your thoughts into the up draft (25.) The up draft is where you take all the good things from the down draft and write an organized draft that makes much more sense. You try to say what you have to say more accurately(25.) After that comes he dental draft, a draft where you nit-pick and re fine every aspect of the writing, like how a dentist would check every tooth, to see if it were loose or cramped or shitty(25,26.) Hopefully the final product is a healthy piece of writing. Lamott successfully argued that a shitty first draft is the beginning to a great piece of writing so you just need to start somewhere(25,26.)

A Game of Cat and Maus Essay Example for Free

A Game of Cat and Maus EssayMaus and Maus II are both very powerful and moving intense novels. Both of which dispute one of the worst tragedies known to mankind. Spielgelman used the graphic novel form because it came natural to him, however he probably also used it as a way to get a larger audience and to make the subject matter a little less intimidating. However, Spielgelmans use of beasts to represent the diametrical races helps the leaseer better understand the situation in a any(prenominal)what entertaining and a somewhat easier way. Maus even encapsulates the adage, a picture is worth a thousand words to a tee. The title of the book Maus comes from the German word mauscheln. Mauscheln when translated to English means to talk Yiddish or to cheat, in terms of playing cards. The Germans situated the blame for Germanys economic distress on the Jewish people. During this time frame, all the propaganda posters were portraying the Jewish community as mice. Maus, was a more than countenance title considering how the Jewish were viewed and treated during this point.There are approximately eight different animals used to represent the different cultures delineate in the novels. The three briny animals used are mice, which represent the Jewish people cats, which represent the German people and pigs, representing the Polish people. It seems demonstrable as to why the Germans and Jews were represented as they were. Germans believed they were skipper to everyone else, and in the animal kingdom, the king is a lion, which is considered an overgrown cat.With the Germans are represented as cats, it would be more than obvious to portray the Jewish as an animal that would be the victim of a cat, a mouse. The Jewish eventually ended up having to live like mice whilst they were in hiding. The artistic portrayal allows the reader to find it in an easier manner than if it had been a point blank worded novel. The other main animal the reader sees representing a g roup of people is pigs. The Polish are represented as pigs due to the fact that, stereotypically, the Poles are considered greedy and brutal.But if one looks at it from a different perspective, they could say that the reason the Polish are represented as pigs is because of the kielbasa, the Polish delicacy. The only time that the reader actually sees any differences between the ethnicity of a character and their religion is in one occasion in Maus. The child of a German and a Jewish person is represented as a mouse with the cat stripes. Other than that one occasion, anytime you see an animal, it is obvious as to whether it is a Pole, a German, a Jew or an American.Aside from the Jewish representation, the other countries being represented, the animal is done as a national identity. The images in Maus offer the reader an understanding that word just would non be able to get across in the same way. For example, on page 31 of Maus, we can tell that Anja is distressed by the way the pa nel is angled. If this had been a worded novel, the reader would not fully be able to understand the emotions going finished the mind of Anja, or even in a way, Vladek. Another example that demonstrates this is in the mini comic- Prisoner of Planet Hell. On page 103, after Artie was dismissed from the psychiatric hospital, the reader can see how Artie is feeling suffocated by his mother. Anja is overshadowing Artie, who is curled up in the fetal position- almost as if it is re-creating the image of being in Anjas womb. The most prominent example, one that communicates the fear of being a Jew in hiding during this period is when Anja and Valdek are traveling to a new unassailable house. The road they are walking on is portrayed as a swastika. This is a perfect depiction for how dangerous it really was for a Jew to be rambling around in the open.Even later on, when they are in hiding and cannot receive food regularly, they eat like mice and live like mice. With the novels being d epicted with animals, it allows the reader to understand the mindset of a German Nazi. Yes, people learn about World War II in history but they do not actually seem to care. They take the class and do the minimum it takes to pass. People who were born farther away from the aftermath period of WWII do not seem to really understand the emotional damage from the Holocaust events. Valdek even says that nobody can understand. The Holocaust is extremely hard to comprehend unless one had been there. Anyone could read Diary of Anne Frank or Night, but what do they really take away from it? The Germans held hatred toward anyone they deemed inhuman. Let it have been the Jews, the Poles or the Slavs the Germans depicted them in the propaganda posters that would gambling others against them. In the end, using animals and the graphic novel to depict the events was probably one of the smartest things to do. It gives a first hand, one sided account that allows the reader to see the truth.Truth t hat has not been tainted by the media, truth shows real pain from a survivor. Maus really encapsulates the truth of the Holocaust. It shows how brutal humanity can be. It also demonstrates how weak minded some people can be, going against what they may think is morally wrong in order to keep themselves and their families safe. When someone writes a novel in graphic form, it makes the subject more approachable. However, when an author uses animals as the characters it brings a whole new dimension to a book. It allows to reader to view the subject manner in a whole new way.

Entrepreneurship And Innovation At The Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

Entrepreneurship And Innovation At The Mcdonalds Commerce Es regardCreativity, grounding and entrepreneurship ar deuce-ace essential tools of conquest for companies in the increasingly ch all in allenging business environment. Where, creativity is the ability to develop refreshing-fashi angiotensin converting enzyme(a)d ideas and disc all oer bracing ways of looking at problems and opportunities, Innovation is the key to economic development of any country. Inventions and mental institutions are the building blocks of the future and Entrepreneurship is the butt on of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and political campaign assuming the accompanying financial psychic, social hazards and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary value and personal satisfaction and independence. All three call for new ideas and there is an element of risk involved in the implementation and the acceptability of the new idea. Where creativity is the ability to generate an idea, innovation is the process of the idea creation and entrepreneur is the person who performs both(prenominal) to become who he is, takes the risk, implements the idea in the form of a venture. In this fiercely competitive, fast lookd global economy creativity is not that an important source of building a competitive advantage unless is also a necessity for survival. When developing wareive solutions to modern problems, entrepreneurs must go beyond merely using whatever has been used in the past. McDonalds is one such company which has earned its brand image over the years with sound use of entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation all put in right place in the arrangement allowing the company to achieve massive competitive advantages and an march at building new ideas and defining new and better means of customer satisfaction.The company serves around 50 million customers in 30,000 destinations worldwide on a daily basis and pulling that off whilst succes sfully obtaining high revenues is a job that requires continuous innovation and out of the box thought process. McDonalds focus over the years has been nothing less than the customer itself. McDonalds took its strong roots in building a name in innovation during the 1990s and the early 2000ss when the argument first started to grow. McDonalds at that time did not take its brand equity for granted and infused its creative teams geniuss into the thought process that have and continue to generate modernistic outputs and campaigns uniform Big Mac and Egg McMuffin (Entrepreneur, 2006 online).McDonalds offers an extensive case study of the application of a well thought of and thorough innovation strategy, a product planning and developmental process that effectively reflects the changing industry, its prospect recognition and analysis to stay on top, and the Mcdonalization culture and leadership embedded with innovation that it follows to successfully practice innovation in all asp ects and obtain customer satisfaction that defines industry standards. But even for a company like McDonalds room quench exists for improvement. The paper analyses the company on these aspects. The paper after analysis of the corporate entrepreneurship and innovation strategy being following in the company pass on seek to establish recommendation for the enhancement of the competitive advantages of the company.Innovation StrategyThink big, start small, scale fast. This is the innovation strategy being followed by McDonalds. This idea was brought unneurotic by the managing director of McDonalds Ventures, Mats Lederhausen (Entrepreneur, 2006 online). The key players are all of the employees of the company who are well ingrained with the 5PS that form the paradox of the company. These 5 PS are People, Product, Promotion, side and Price. The innovation that takes place in the company is all customer-oriented and started with people and ends with people make effective use of compan y resources, offers and tools. The innovation strategy is built on one concept Customer is king. The insights and demands of the customers are the main triggers of the entire innovation process. The franchisees are known as owner-operators who are a big part of the innovation chain. Keeping such diversified franchises and their thought processes altogether merged with the company objectives and essence is a big challenge which erect not be controlled or centralized. The innovation process is decentralized making the owner-operators feel as much important in the company as those who are part of the core home as well as encouraging them to create competitive advantages for the company. McDonalds seizes every opportunity it can to bring innovation and lead the industry. McDonalds success is also found upon its suppliers that are part of the three-legged stool. For McDonalds, the quality of its products is of absolute importance. It specifies highest standards for suppliers in the p abulum industry. McDonalds focuses on developing close relationships with suppliers. At McDonalds, everything is done on an open accounting, trill trust basis(Times100, 2009). McDonalds works closely with the suppliers to develop and improve products and production techniques. This dependency is described as a three-legged stool principle, and involves McDonalds, the franchisees and the suppliers. The growth and success of the McDonalds, in this way, is shared by the suppliers of the restaurant who are able to meet the quality standards (Times100, 2009). For McDonalds, the relationships between franchisor, franchisee and supplier are of paramount importance to the success of the innovation led business.The Process of Innovation and CreativityThe owner operators are small business owners who have the entrepreneurial zeal in them and offer various ideas and creative insights that form success drivers for the company. Thus, they are involved in each of the innovation steps and process es. Each of the franchise of McDonalds is in itself a mini laboratory that has millions of electric potential ideas stored just waiting to be explored and the owner operators are the main source of their retrieval and practice.Sources of IdeasFor McDonalds, following are the main sources of ideas.Consumers are the foremost innovation triggers. These hold potential as well as existing ones. They are given great importance and attention to point to new directions. This attention takes the form of colloquially monitoring potential ideas and deficiencys and formally arranging for consumers to have an opportunity to express their opinions (Bygrave, 2008).Existing products and services in the market are also always monitored or evaluated to uncover ways to improve the services. This results in innovative products and services that have to a greater extent market appeal with better sales and profit potential.Owner-Operators, like mentioned above, are the biggest and most effective sou rce of ideas for McDonalds as they offer insights of local appeals surrounding the franchises, which are thusly incorporated into new products and services. McDonalds introduction of Apple and walnut salads is one such example of its catering to the local demands, which were communicated effectively by the owner operators. But there are also many demands, such as Shrimp salads that McDonalds cannot currently cater to, because of lack of resources.Federal Government is also a source of new product ideas in two ways. First, the files of the Patent contribution contain numerous new product possibilities. Although the patents themselves may not be feasible, they can frequently suggest other more marketable product ideas. Second, new product ideas can come in response to government regulations (Drucker, 2008)Research and Development is yet another but large source of innovative ideas for McDonalds. McDonalds has its mini-laboratories in each of its franchises as well as large laborato ries in its head-quarters in US which are continuously engaged in bringing in new product ideas and ingredients and recipes to win customer satisfaction.The Creative ProcessAlthough, creative ideas may appear to strike McDonalds as suddenly as a bolt of lightning but they are actually the result of the creative process, which involves the following stepsPreparationInvestigationTransformationIncubationVerificationImplementationPreparation involves getting the mind ready for creative thinking. Preparation includes a formal education, on the job training, work experience and taking advantage of other learning opportunities. This training provides a foundation on which to build creativity and innovation. Investigation is where a solid understanding of the problem, situation or the decision at hand is developed. Transformation involves wake similarities and differences in the information collected. This phase requires two types of thinking convergent and divergent thinking. Convergent t hinking is the ability to see the similarities and the connections among various data and events. Divergent thinking is the ability to see the differences among various data and events. The subconscious needs time to reflect on to the information collected, this is done during the incubation phase. Next comes the illumination phase, where a spontaneous breakthrough causes the light bulb to go on. McDonalds Innovation Council then verifies the ideas where it conducts experimentation to test the success potential in the idea generated. Implementation then follows where the idea is transformed to reality (Entrepreneur, 2006 online).Opportunity Recognition and AnalysisA business opportunity represents a possibility for the entrepreneur to successfully fill a large enough unsatisfied need that enough sales and profits result. Recognition of an opportunity results from the fellowship and experience of the company and its employees. McDonalds trade names effective use of its knowledge ba se and maintains proper records of its previous industry analysis to point to new directions and market niches to exploit profits out of. Each and every innovative opportunity is carefully assessed through an opportunity analysis plan. This opportunity analysis plan comprises of four sectionsA description of the idea and its competitionAn assessment of the domestic and foreign market of the ideaAs assessment of the entrepreneur and the team andA discussion of the steps needed to make the idea the basis for a feasible business venture.Product Planning and Development ProcessOnce ideas emerge from idea sources or creative problem solving, they need further development and evaluation. The product planning and development process at McDonalds is divided into five stagesThe idea stageThe concept stageProduct development stageTest merchandising stagecommercializationOrganizational CultureMcDonalds has succeeded because it offers consumers, workers, and managers efficiency, calculability , predictability, and control. This constitutes the McDonalds model of work practice and work design, known as McDonalization. McDonalds is a global capitalist organization that transforming the production, ingestion and distribution of food more importantly everyday life. McDonalds employs Taylors and Fords methods in its assembly line production.Ritzer discerns four elements of McdonalizationEfficiencyCalculabilityPredictability andControl (Haworth, n.d.)McDonalds offers efficiency, which is the optimum method for getting from one point to another. This means that McDonalds offers the best available way to get from being hungry to being full. For working people, quick and easy access to food is a blessing and McDonald offers just that through its efficient work practices. This fast-food model offers people an efficient method for satisfying many needs. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11)To achieve this efficiency, workers in McDonaldized systems function efficiently. They are provided with training to work this way by managers, who supervise over them closely to make sure they come up to standards. This is ensured by organizational rules and regulations regarding production of exceedingly efficient work.On the other hand, McDonalds also offers calculability, which is an emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products sold (portion size, cost) and service offered. Quantity has become equivalent to quality that is something that must be good. The common customers perception of bigger is better, is very successfully satisfied with McDonalds Quarter Pounder, the Big Mac, and the large fries. People quantify these things and realize that they are getting a lot of food for quite less money. For consumers this is the best deal but for the food-food outlets this is the extraordinary profitability. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11)Consumers also calculate the time it takes to drive to McDonalds, be served the food, eat it, and arrest home and then, they compare that duration to the time required to prepare food at home. They believe that it takes them less time to get it from McDonalds than prepare the whole meal at home. This calculation obviously supports home-delivery franchises such as Mcdonalds, which emphasis on time saving.The McDonaldized institutions combine the emphases on time and money. Workers at McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative preferably than the qualitative aspects of their work. This causes the workers to focus more on the amount of work they do rather than how well they do it, at times. This is how McDonalds employs Frederick Taylors Scientific management work practices, that cerebrate the work directly with pay. (Daft, 1997)The third element of the McDonalization is that McDonalds offers predictability, the assurance that the products and services will be the homogeneous every time and in all outlets. For example, the Egg McMuffin in New York is identical to those in clams and Los Angeles. To be more precise, those eaten next week or next year will be identical to those eaten today. This provides a great comfort in knowing that McDonalds offers no surprises, its service is predictable. People know that the next Egg McMuffin they eat will taste about the same as the others they have eaten it will be what is expected and in mind of the consumer. The success of the McDonalds model explains that many people have come to prefer a world in which there are few surprises, because unpredictability can be dangerous too (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11) .Relating this to the work practices at McDonalds, the workers in McDonaldized systems also playact in predictable ways. They are confined by the corporate rules as well as the dictates of their managers. McDonalds offers extensive training to its employees, which is so standardized that whatever the employees say at customer touch points is scripted by the managers themselves. McDonalds has pioneered in the routinization of interactive service work (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11).Fourthly, McDonalds practices control, especially through the substitution of nonhuman for human technology. A human technology is controlled by people a nonhuman technology (controls people. The people who eat in fast-food restaurants are controlled through lines, limited menus, few options, and ill-fitting seats. All of these enable the customers to eat quickly and leave (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11).The employees in McDonalds working under the McDonaldized organizations are also controlled to a high degree. They are provided trained to do a limited number of tasks in precisely the way they are ordered to do them. The technologies and the way the organization is set up reinforce this control. Managers and supervisors make sure that workers follow the line. (Ritzer, 1996, Pp. 9-11).How does McDonalds makes sure employees follow up to this control? It threatens them to replace them with technology. But employees cannot be controlled from fouling up the systems operation. The mana ger cannot control a slow worker, who can still make the preparation and delivery of a Big Mac inefficient and worker who refuses to follow the rules might leave the pickles or special behave off a hamburger, thereby making for unpredictability. And then a distracted worker can put too few fries in the box, making an order of large fries seem skimpy. It is for these reasons, McDonalds has been obliged to steadily replace human beings with non-human technologies, such as the soft-drink dispenser that shuts itself off when the glass is full, the french-fry machine that sound and lifts itself out of the oil when the fries are crisp, the preprogrammed cash register that eliminates the need for the cashier to calculate prices and amounts, and, perhaps at some future time, the robot assailable of making hamburgers. Such technologies increase the companys control over workers. And in this way McDonalds can assure customers that their employees and service will be consistent (Ritzer, 199 6, Pp. 9-11).Increasing militant AdvantagesBeing an innovation leader in the food service industry, McDonalds does not let its creative heads fall asleep. It is always looking for new directions to improve its customer services to pave way for profitable business. Following are the ways in which McDonalds can sustain and increase its competitive advantage in the pose of aggressive rivalry in the food service industry.Enhancing Organizational CreativityMcDonalds can enhance its organizational creativity byEmbracing diversity one of the best ways to cultivate a culture of creativity is to hire a diverse workforce. When people solve problems or come up with ideas, they do so in the same framework of their experience. Hiring people from different backgrounds, cultural experiences, hobbies, and interests provides the company with crucial raw material needed for creativity.Expecting Creativity employees rend to rise- or fall- to the level of expectations of entrepreneurs have of them. One of the best ways to communicate the expectation of creativity is to give employees permission to be creative (Morris, 2009)Expecting and tolerating failure creative ideas will produce failures as wells as successes. People who never fail are not being creative. Creativity requires taking chances and managers must remove employees panic of failure. The surest way to quash creativity throughout an organization is to punish employees who try something new and fail.Encouraging curiosity McDonalds may keep its managers and employees asking the question what if and take a maybe we could attitude to break out of assumptions that limit creativity.Viewing Problems as Challenges every problem offers an opportunity for innovation. Entrepreneurs who allow employees to dump all of their problems to desk to be fixed do nothing to develop the creativity within those employees.Providing Creative educate almost everyone has the capacity to be creative, but developing creativity requires tr aining. Training accomplished through books, seminars, workshops and professional meeting can help everyone learn to tap their creative capacity.Providing Support the higher level management of McDonalds should give employees the tools and resources they need to be creative. One of the most valuable resources is time.Rewarding creativity they can also encourage creativity by rewarding it when it occurs. Financial rewards can be effective motivation but non-monetary rewards such as praise, recognition, and celebration can be more powerful incentives.Modeling Creative Behavior creativity is caught as much as it is taught. Companies that excel at innovation find that the passion for creativity starts at the top. Entrepreneurs set examples of creative behavior, take chance and challenge the stead quo will soon find their employees doing the same (Morris, 2009).Improving the Creative ProcessTeams of people working together usually can generate more and more creative idea. Three techn iques McDonalds can use to improve the quality of creative ideas that follow from its Innovation Council brainstorming, mind-mapping and quick prototyping.Brainstorming is a process in which a small group of people interact with very little structure with the goal of producing a large quantity of novel and imaginative ideas. Another recyclable tool for jump-starting creativity is mind mapping, an extension of brainstorming. The strength of mind mapping is that it reflects the way the brain actually works. Rather than browsing out ideas in a linear fashion, the brain jumps from one idea to another. Generating creative ideas is a critical step in the process of taking an idea for a product or a service successfully to the market. However, entrepreneurs find that most of their ideas wont work and thats where rapid prototyping plays an important part in the creative process. The promise behind rapid prototyping is that transforming an idea into an actual model will point out flaws in the original idea and will lead to improvements in its design (Hisrich, 2009).Conclusion puppet and Mac were the ones who opened the first McDonalds restaurant in 1940 in San Bernardino, California, and at that time they could not have imagined the worldwide phenomial success that McDonalds now enjoys. What got them famous was their win formula of selling a high quality product cheaply and quickly. The business really began to grow immensely once Ray Kroc, a Chicago based salesman, who was a marketing expert, joined the team (Watson, 2002). He decided to spread McDonalds formula throughout the United States and beyond. McDonalds now has more than 30,000 restaurants all over the world. Its serves 46 million customers everyday, that is equal to a lunch and dinner for every man, woman, and child in the world McDonalds enjoys sales over $38bn from the entire world, which make it the biggest food service company internationally. McDonalds paradox of success lies with innovation and givi ng customer satisfaction the priority for its service offerings and operations. It keeps track of industry changes, anticipates consumer preferences and incorporates them into the product. Also, insights and communication with owner operators provides new product ideas and a highly effective and successful innovation process that is dealt by the McDonalds innovation council and together with the organizational culture of McDonalisation, it is practicing innovation in all aspects and providing innovation embedded services all around the world. But even a company like McDonalds has room for improvement, whereby it can enhance the creativity of its organization by infusing the culture of innovation more predominantly than before into each organizational level and improving the overall creative idea generating process. In the face of globalization, innovation offers a highly effective opportunity which companies like McDonald are making effective use of but it is more of a continuous pr ocess rather than a one-time thing.

Beautiful Happiness In A Meaningless Life Short Story English Literature Essay

Beautiful Happiness In A Meaningless Life Short Story English Literature EssayI intend to device through a gyp study featuring a some of the more potent themes present within the novelette The Out perspectiver. This short story has simply been written to entertain, and look the central themes and issues that I sire chosen.The content of the story is mordant and described with vivid de pass overs in some cases, so the target audience would be f strivingly mature, and afford an orientation towards fanciful fantasy worlds. The story is set in a land where the local entertainment consists of arena type react fights. These pit fights are similar to a council of the citys rich and wealthiest, with the light classes also in attendance. These pit fights are also the place where status is gained and lost among these sloshed members of society, with the strivers that compete organism used as a heart to this end. I have also interpreted the ending of The Outsider differently in my story, with my chief(prenominal) character realising that he can make a difference with his life, and that he can live for other people rather than himself whole.The content of the story is gruesome and described with vivid details in some cases, so the target audience would be more or less mature, and have an orientation towards fanciful fantasy worlds. The story is set in a land where the local entertainment consists of arena type pit fights. These pit fights are similar to a council of the citys rich and wealthiest, with the lower classes also in attendance. These pit fights are also the place where status is gained and lost among these affluent members of society, with the hard workers that compete being used as a means to this end. I have also interpreted the ending of The Outsider differently in my story, with my main character realising that he can make a difference with his life, and that he can live for other people rather than himself only.The ring of steel on steel resounded most the arena, to join the din of gaudy medical specialty and jeering shouts ensuing from the on looking patrons of this violent make upt. The slave Games took place every day, from the blaze of the new fire in the sky at its fix, to its last embers at dusk. The games consisted of slaves and a monster entered by the Games Keeper. Of course to make it more complicated, at that place were both different types of slaves, the ones entered by their master, and the ones donated. By a slave being entered it was similar to a bet being placed, with a small fee for entry paid to the games master, the fee also gave slaves the privilege of a weapon of choice. At the conclusion of the battle if the monster was the last one standing, the games master would keep the majority of the winnings, otherwise if a slave was the victor their master was granted high standing in society and a large sum of gold as their winnings. There was also an unspoken tradition, that the victorious s lave was granted surrenderdom for their heroic deeds performed within the arena. The donated slaves on the other hand, were the unwanted outcasts of rich society that the Games Keeper bought for a small fee, to liven up the games as he would call it.The scything edge of an axe whistled everywherehead as the young musical composition shied outside(a) from the maiming blow. He dodged left and ducked right, see to itmingly untouchable with his slap-up agility, and quick mind. His short success ended with his impalement upon a long, unyielding, bronze tipped calamus. He was dead before his knees buckled and his bruised and blood spattered head lolled to rest upon his chest. His limp body knelt upright, held there by the protruding spear. His loathsomeness, lifeless eyeball stared unfocused at the floor of the arena, in a way which make it seem as if the poor boy was equable in pain. Tayten observed this, in the moments after he had thrown the spear. notwithstanding now the boy was dead, and the dead dont feel a thing. He retrieved his spear before turning to the frenzied sounds of battle nearby. The initially frantic fighting in the pit had collapsed in to smaller groups of the more skillful fighters that had survived the morning. Usually the donated slaves would be scratch to succumb as they mainly consisted of the old, the weak and the lame, though among these tri stille slaves, were a handful of the forsaken the brawlers, the thieves and those who had displeased their master. Tayten was of the forsaken, he was a free forgivingity captured, and bludgeoned into slavery. But he valued his freedom greatly, and he loved to journey raze though he thought life was meaningless. How could one man make a difference, and be remembered after his devastation? He reoff from his reverie with the great horn blast that signaled the release of the monster. The clash of steel ceased as the remaining slaves turned to exhibit the monster. Usually it would take m ore than one slave to bring the monster down, so it was at this point that the slaves banded unitedly in a raise to survive. Though if the monster was killed, the slaves would continue the fight between themselves, until a victor was eventually decided. A large iron gate slowly pink wine to breach a good-for-nothing entrance, for a moment nothing emerged, wherefore with a roar of rage, a full grown bull Minotaur emerged. Its pelvis covered in the blood marred rags of a loin cloth, and standing nearly half again the height of the tallest slave still brisk. It carried a great jagged piercing axe over its shoulder, mangled gore still present on its edge it was truly a creature to instill fear into the hearts of even the bravest and most foolhardy of humans. One man turned tail and fled for the opposite side of the arena, sadly this drew the monsters attention and with two leaping bounds the Minotaur trampled the man under hoof. The other slaves charged, with shouts and battle c ries, but Tayten held back, silently waiting to see what happened. The Minotaur spun with his deadly weapon, and cleaved in half the two fore runners with a single move blow, seven slaves remained. The next slave, a burly man with a dusty orange beard and a balding crown, jumped with his two-handed sword held high, in an drive to cut the Minotaur in half. But it simply bounced off the thick hide and the Minotaur let out a duncical rumble of hatred, before crushing the mans skull with the helve of the axe. Death was dealt instantly to the next three slaves, who all attempted a similar approach. The next slave attempted to go for the eyes, but with a explosive jerk, the Minotaur had thrust down with his head, skewering the adolescent upon his horns. Blood now ran down the Minotaurs face and muzzle, some even obscuring vision in his left eye. The heap of blood seemed to elevate the Minotaur into a frenzy, and he quickly dispatched the next miserlyst slave, an older woman with a hard look in her eyes, and a slight scar running across the bridge of her nose. He was only able to see these finer details, when her head came to rest a foot from where he sat. The Minotaur lunged down with his axe in an attempt to kill the last slave opposing him. But the young boy was surprisingly nimble and evaded easily. A dagger flashed into the boys hand, and he slashed ferociously at the Minotaurs heel. Surprisingly the small blade cut deep, severing the tendon in the monsters leg. This time the Minotaur gave a cry of agony, and fell to one knee. Tayten watched again as the dagger flashed, realising that it must be made of glass the only material hard and sharp enough, possibly capable of cutting through the Minotaurs thick hide. The Minotaur was too slow to catch the boy, and was obviously spiteful for it. With decisive slices, the Minotaur was unable to hold its axe, but the beast was still deadly. The boys overconfidence in his soon to be felicity over the beast ended w ith the bone crushing strength in the Minotaurs undamaged hand. The monster lifted the feeble body of the boy high into the air the Minotaur stared hatefully at the corpse. In an eruption of still warm blood, a long hard shaft emerged from the boys chest. The Minotaur watched the silently in the instant before his death as the bronze tipped spear entered through his eye cavity, and ruptured his brain. Tayten registered the tearing peals of a cost tolling, and the deafening uproar that the crowd was making.None of this c erstwhilerned him, not even the dead child he had plunged his spear through. Everyone died it just so happened that they would be meeting her before he did.The crowd grew silent, all eyes watch him. The Games Keeper had risen, and it appeared that he was expecting an answer for an unspoken question.He turned to his peers and asked quietly, Is he not one of your slaves? Not a single one answered.Slaves were expendable, but belongings with his faade of the generous benefactor for much(prenominal) events, he would need to keep the crowd and his rich friends happy. It was blatantly apparent though, that the previous master of the donated slave, expected retaliation for the slaves survival. A solution came to mind.With a hollow cone of bronze pressed to his lips, his booming division emanated out across the stadium, Our victor, Tayten is the champion of this day, and we acknowledge him for his deeds, he let the echo of his voice die before continuing. Never before has a donated slave won this tournament, but I have a solution. As I bought him from his previous master, it result be I who decides his fate, the crowd seemed hold its breath in anticipation of the Games Keepers verdict.The Games Keepers right arm shot out in wait of him, with his fist clenched and thumb held horizontal. His thumb dropped slightly, and the crowd began to boo. But this was all part of the act, and before it got out of hand, his thumb shot up in defined sign of app roval. The slave would be granted freedom. The crowd applauded with many shouts of joy, even jovial music could be heard in the background. The Games Keeper smiled as he watched the jubilation he had wrought within his crowd, before dropping his arm a moment later. His smile evaporated as he perceived the accusatory eyes of the contemptuous dark eyed noble boring into him.He bowed his head down next to the seated nobles ear, You know, the games keeper continued as if computer storage something of importance, many unfortunate fates can befall a freed slave, once he has left the protection of the arena.As the Games Keeper marched off to oversee proceedings of the slaves release, the dark eyes of the noble brightened considerably, and a mean smirk marred his face.As Tayten walked beneath the low arch of the arenas gate, a smile caught upon his lips. The prospect of being free was a truly wonderful thought indeed, and the first place he would go was the local tavern. The smell of spiri ts wafted through the dark en refinementd room, bringing back memories of times long past. He drank his fill, but a slave released from service has no money, so when the time came to pay he left quickly to the disgruntled shouts of the barman. He had no money to pay for lodgings, so he settled down in an alley way for the night. The comforting warmth from the spirits spread throughout his body, dulling his senses and propelling him over the edge into the blissful abyss of sleep. He wondered mildly in the moment before slumber came, whether death would be like this, the only difference being you never wake up.Once the mercenary was sure that his quarry would not be moving for the rest of the night, he disappeared back into the night to find his employer.Tayten woke with a dismay. Four tall dark figures loomed ominously about him, all wore deep set hoods. He realised because that they were only tall, because he was still sitting. Shakily he began to rise, but a heavy blow sent him back to the ground. The intoxicant, still thick in his blood, was winning a heavy toll on his ability to comprehend what was happening. Who were these people?One of the men drew back his dark cowl to reveal his identity. The dark eyed noble stared malevolently down upon the man who had once been his slave. With a slight hand gesture from the noble, the three remaining hooded figures roughly seized the prostrate Tayten, draw him upright to stand helplessly before his wicked enslaver.With a bitter smile, the noble spoke, I bet you thought it was your lucky day. Insult me and survive to promulgate the tale, I bet thats what you thought, the noble mistook Taytens drunken haze for impudence, and his next words were filled with venom as he sneered. hygienic you know what you poor suction stop your worthless life will be cut to its wick this night, the nobles mouth formed an angelic smile, as he concluded. Not to worry, for I assure you, it will be painful, and before the end you wi ll be begging for death.The sounds of voices approached, and a group of passs with lit torches past before the entrance to the alley, that the group was congregating within. The city was not without laws, and murder was punishable by death. The noble realised the vulnerability of his position, and decided to withdraw, leaving the hired mercenaries to dispatch the insolent slave.The three hired soldiers stood in closeness as their hirer swiftly disappeared into the darkness. Making sure that the noble was definitely gone before speaking, the man to Taytens left spoke with a fairly high pitched voice, Well wasnt he a nasty one.The man to Taytens right replied simply, in what appeared to be a grumpy tone, They always are.The third soldier crumb him, responded to this by saying, Yeah, that may be so, but they dont have the guts to do their own dirty work, and I guess we should be thankful for the work.The sulphur soldier responded in a quietly outraged voice, WORK, you call this WOR K? We get paid so little by these rich bastards, when they have so much.The third answered, Youre right, but the rich only stay rich because theyre so selfish with their wealth.The second, Im sick of how bad were treated, after this Im going to get an honest seam with honest pay, at least then Ill get the respect I deserve.The first cut in before the third could answer the seconds lamentations, Well you know we could make more money for these jobs, and still have the same end result.The other two soldiers turned, and in unison the third asked, How? a glistening sparkling in his eye, while the second stared blankly at the first and before asking an unintelligible, What?The first explained his idea, and the other two agreed upon it. They would take the man they were ordered to kill, and sell him to the pit master as a donated slave. Not only would they earn extra gold for this job, but they need not even get their hands dirty with the murder of another person.Taytens head had cleare d slightly, and he was now partly focused upon the situation he was in. A voice spoke very close to his ear, As we move through the city, do not make a sound, do not make eye contact, and do not draw attention to yourself, otherwise we will kill you there and then, Tayten nodded, and the group set off.The journey was uneventful, and just before they reached the arena, they turned into a side alley. The soldiers had agreed that the slaves death needed to be assured, so they would slightly maim him, but not making it too visible so that he would still fetch a fair price.The second soldier came over, and with the pommel of his bastard sword, struck a blow that cracked a couple of ribs on the left side of Taytens body. Tayten keeled over from the pain, but he did not cry out. The troupe continued to the slave block built beside the arena, where they found the head slave master and bargained a good price for the slave they were donating. Tayten was then exchanged for the gold, and the tr io of mercenaries departed. Two pit guards came to lead him down into the holding cells. As he was led to the entrance of a dark corridor trailing down into the depths of the earth, he remembered the circumstances of his last visit to this dank, moldy hole in the ground. When the noble had first brought him here, his hands had been bound, and a hessian sack had covered his face. As his eyes searched around the dark tunnel, he knew where he was. He remembered the smell and the feeling of subjugation he had originally felt the first time he had come down this way, with his head concealed within the dark sack. But the aid of sight didnt help much, as it was hard to see in this dark, oppressive place, regardless of whether or not his sight had been obstructed. He looked at the faces of his escort, but he didnt treasure them, and it was probably the same for them.He was left alone within the dark holding cell for the night. He remembered from the first time, how his mask had been remove d, and how he had been affronted with the sight of so many slaves in a single cell. It wasnt the fact that there were a lot of slaves it was simply that his freedom was greatly restricted within such a tightly packed cell. Yet now he had his freedom within the cold dark cell, and it was eerily quiet. He had his freedom, and but it wasnt what he remembered it to be. Tayten remembered freedom as warm and cheerful, but this freedom was the opposite. In fact, it had been in the crowded cell on the first night that he had experienced true warmth, nestled in with all the other slaves. He had also found the sounds of people in slumber, far more pleasant than the unearthly hush that had now settled over the chamber. Maybe freedom wasnt what he wanted anymore. He lay down, the cold leaving a bitter ache in his cracked ribs. It would be a long nightTayten must have drifted off, as it seemed to him that only moments had passed, since he had lain to rest upon the straw matted floor. But the mo rning cost was already tolling, signifying the start of the new day, and the opening of the arena gates to paying patrons. Taytens eyes drooped with exhaustion, as he stood up, but his mind was clear and his movements precise. He vowed never to drink alcohol again. His cracked ribs hindered his movements slightly, but as long as he protected that area, he could manage. Just then, a trio of pit guards entered the donated slaves holding chamber, one looked preoccupied for a moment, before surprised recollection dawned upon his face, and he turn and ran out of the room. The two remaining guards shrugged their shoulders, and turned back to the only slave in the cell. The gate was unlatched, and Tayten was led to the holding area, where many tunnels converged into a large central hall. The slaves would remain here, until the great gate at the far end was opened, and the slaves would emerge into the arena. The entered slaves were already present, and Tayten was the only donated slave, so the games would begin at anytime. Taytens reticent nature had turned to mild annoyance for the noble who had imprisoned him, and then continually keeping him from his freedom. Tayten recalled the reason shtup him becoming a donated slave in the pits he had attempted to escape the nobles holdings, but had failed, and had been sentenced harshly by the noble for attempting to leave his service.This new found fussiness welled up within him, as the door on a side passage leading into the great hall, was thrust open by a tall, illustriously dressed man, stalking furiously towards the central holding cell. The fuming glare of the noble passed over the slaves and came to rest with livid hatred upon Tayten.Tayten smiled back, the nobles eyes darkened and a deep set frown embedded itself where his mouth used to be. Unsettlingly, a moment later, he in turn gave his own wicked smile to Tayten. Just then the bell tolled, to signal the start of the fight. As tradition would have it, the dona ted slaves were the first to enter the arena, followed a few moments later by the entered slaves. Tayten was happy to leave behind the demonic stare of the noble, so he quickly entered the scene of action.The first thing he detect, was that amazingly the arenas canopy had become a patchwork of mirrors joined together to form a shell between the spectators and the pit fight. It was obvious that the crowd could still see him from the excited shouts he received upon his entry, even if he himself couldnt see them through the mirrors reflective surface. Some members of the crowd let out surprised yells, as they recognised the victor of the previous day, but the initial surprise turned to angry confusion. Why was the victor (a free man) forced to fight in another round of the Slave Games?The entered slaves had been watching the interaction between the noble and the slave, so when the noble gestured that they should come closer, the entire group of entered slaves obeyed. When they had rou ghly formed a semi-circle along the wall of the holding pen, the noble spoke, Whoever kills that donated slave, he paused to gesture towards the open great gate, before continuing. Will be granted their freedom. The noble turned and left the holding area, the entered slaves looking at one another. A second smaller bell tolled within the holding area, to tell the entered slaves to cross the threshold into the arena. The slaves quickly departed and took up positions around the arena battlefield. The Slave Games were about to begin.The bell tolled and the fight began. The start of the fight wasnt as frantic as was usually the case. There were no other donated slaves, but Tayten knew that the fighting would be more intense sooner. A few slaves detached themselves from the main fighting, to single out the lone donated slave, this seemed odd to Tayten, as they usually focused on the more aggressive inverses. None the less, Tayten killed the first opponent who challenged him and took his blunt knife. The second enemy was of stocky build, and wielded an axe. But Tayten threw the dagger he had recently acquired, the tip catching the unprepared warrior in the eye. He fell dead, and Tayten retrieved his axe, change his odds of survival by gaining a better weapon.The noble reemerged in the wealthy section of the spectator seats, and sat alongside the Games Keeper.The Games Keeper unhappily commented, I didnt expect you to bring him back here, when I told you about the unfortunate fates that can befall a free slave.The noble replied, Truly it was not my intention for him to be back here, but none the less, he will die today.Games Keeper, How can you be so sure, he survived once didnt he, why not again?Noble, He didnt have to fight much the first time through, lets just say Ive ensured that all those entered slaves will be hounding him like a plague of black fly to rotting meat.Games Keeper, What did you tell them?Noble, That the person who kills that slave of mine will b e granted their freedom.Games Keeper, Never before has this happened, and I will not allow it today.Noble, chill out yourself, of course I lied. The dismayed expression upon the nobles face bespoke of his friends lack of trust. He finished what he intended to say with a mean smirk, I will grant them freedom by their own death, a moment of silence fell between the two, before the noble curiously asked, What monster have you decided to enter into this days Slave Games?Games Keeper, Ahh my friend, that is for me to know and for you to find out, but Ill give you a hint, I had this dome especially built for her laughable ability, and I think I will be releasing her early, to give the slaves more of a fighting chance.Tayten was in the thick of battle, fighting two specially vicious slaves at once. He had managed to acquire a short sword, and was duel wielding this with the axe he had, to keep the hungry weapons of his two adversaries at bay. One had a spear, while the other a scimitar. The man with the scimitar would attack at close combat, with a series of ripostes and thrusts that had Tayten moving back one step at a time. While beside the scimitar user, the woman with the spear was jabbing and thrusting brutally, in an attempt to skewer her foe, though not very skillful at her weapon, she was keeping him busy, as he couldnt move close enough to deal a killing blow, while still defending against the other slaves attacks. Unexpectedly a second bell rang clearly, and far too early. The monster had been released. Tayten had been distracted for only a moment, but that was all that was needed, for the scimitar warrior to lop half his left hand off. With his hand destroyed, he could no longer hold the weapon that was defending against the spear, and as this happened the woman saw her opportunity and plunged the spear through his cracked ribs, and out the opposite side of his body. He was pushed back by the force of the spear, but then he fell forwards onto one knee, which yanked the spear from the womans g abrade. He knelt there upon his heels, resting. He closed his eyes, and listened to the silence of the field, as most of the slaves turned to watch as the monster entered. Someone let out a scream, but Tayten didnt care, he gently grasped the shaft of the spear, and began to pull the shaft towards him, pushing it out the other side of his body. The pain was immense, and he struggled not to scream. It felt as if his left lung was filling with a warm fluid, and he was finding it becoming harder to breathe. He could hear people running about him, but it was in a disorganised fashion which meant that the slaves where in a introduce of chaos, and the monster was getting the best of them. Tayten used the blood covered spear that now lay behind him, as a support when he rose to his feet. He then opened his eyes, and found himself staring into the eyes of a statue. He spun around slowly taking in the sight the battle field was littered with many sta tues, in the exact likeness of the slaves he had entered the arena with. He couldnt hear any movement, but he caught sight of what appeared to be the tail of a large snake, disappearing behind the obstructing statues. Tayten remembered the tale of the Gorgon, a woman with snakes for hair, and the lower body of a serpent, and possessed the ability to turn a human to lapidate by looking them in the eye. He immediately closed his eyes once again. He stood still listening for the faintest of sounds. The dry slithering rasp of something moving across the surface of the arena emanated from behind him, and in a single fluid movement, he turned and threw the spear. The chink of alloy on stone told him he had hit a statue, and now weaponless and weakened, he knew he would soon be dead. He was half tempted to open his eyes, but he was unvoluntary to give up his life just yet. So he stood still and waited, while the rasp grew steadily louder.A dry whispery voice spoke close to Taytens ear, If you had thrown that spear a little higher, it would have cleared the statue, and killed me. A real shame too.Tayten felt something slither around his boots and slowly bind around his damaged body, he didnt need to guess that that this was the gorgons snake like body, constricting her victim. He was wrapped within her coils up to the base of his rib cage, but he removed his hands, before they were stuck tight next to his body.The voice came again, this time directly in front of his face, Why dont you open your eyes son of man, and stare into my eyes. The gorgon had noticed his wounds and knew well of his pain. Blood slid over her scales, dripping from Taytens hand and the still heavily seeping wound through his rib cage.Tayten spoke to the gorgon in a nutty voice, What is your name gorgon?Surprised by the humans question, the gorgon replied easily, Medusa.Tayten replied with a smile, I am truly sorry Medusa, but I will not. Not until I have changed the world, and done something t o be remembered by.Medusa, Silly human, one soul cannot change the world.Something brushed against Taytens face, and he recoiled slightly in shock at the unexpected feeling. More such light caresses came and went. All that Tayten cared was that they felt decorous, and he began to slightly bob his head forward in search of more. Suddenly, unexpectedly, he felt his lips brush against Medusas own cold, yet subtly soft lips. Medusa hurriedly withdrew her face in alarm, her hair venomously hissing at the helpless human. The gorgons initial anger faded away to be replaced by inane curiosity, her hair had stopped hissing, and she moved in closer again. Her face was close enough to see the humans frowning brow, and once again she let her hair lightly caress his face as she easily came forwards to kiss the man. He had tensed his body in surprise, but it soon relaxed. She wrapped both arms around his neck, as to not aggravate his wounds. He also reached behind her and interlocked what was le ft of his hands. He could feel where the bright smooth human skin gave way to the smooth scales of a snake. He also felt a strap running across her back, which undoubtedly held the metal breastplate to the front of her body that was now pressing lightly against his chest. The assuring pressure of the cool metal soothed Taytens body, and encouraged him to be conscious of how intimately entwined their two bodies were.Games Keeper, It appears as if your slave is dead.Noble, Not yet, I still havent seen his corpse or statue.Games Keeper, If you ask me, youve become obsessed with killing this guy, why cant you admit that he is dead yet?Noble, Maybe youre right, but you wouldnt believe how hard it has been for me to kill this man, just when you think he is dead he jumps up and surprises you again.Tayten couldnt understand what he was feeling. What was this new unexplainable emotion? What was this word that was embedded within this emotion love. He felt so happy and yet he was enslaved, i t felt nice to kiss her and her gentle hair lulled him into bliss. Maybe life wasnt about living for yourself, maybe it was meant to be lived for others. Maybe if you live for others you will find that special happiness, that pretty happiness, that you can only feel when you make another happy.Tayten asked happily, Do you think two souls can change the world?Medusa took a while to answer, I think we can.Tayten, Please release me, so that I can change the world and be remembered, I think Ill need your help though.Gasps from the crowd, made the noble and Games Keeper turn from their conversation, to see what had happened. Standing in the middle of the arena with the gorgon by his side, was the slave, and in his right hand he held a spear. He seemed to be orienting himself (taking care not to look at the gorgon), and when he had finished turning, he was looking directly at the noble.The noble turned to the Games Keeper, He cant see us can he?The Games Keeper replied unconvincingly, No t a chance, were behind a one way mirror, we can see him, but he cant see us.The noble countered fretfully, Then why the hell is he looking at us, and how on earth is he still alive?Before the Games Master could reply, the slave took off running in their general direction. The noble stood, and with a horrified look on his face watched as the slave threw his spear, which shattered the mirrored glass directly before the wealthy spectator seats, and impaled the head board of the chair the Games Keeper had been sitting in. Frozen with shock, at the close call, the noble began to laugh. But it was short lived as moments later he fixed his gaze upon the most terrible set of eyes he had ever seen, and in that moment his body turned to stone.The same occurred to the Games Keeper, and the majority of the rich nobles who had been transfixed by the spectacle of the shattering mirror. The crowd was in chaos, their leaders were dead and the victor of the Slave Games from the previous day who had returned for a second time, was the direct cause for this. Fearing their own death, the crowd hurriedly exited the arena.

Feminism And Feminist Epistemology And Science Sociology Essay

womens liberation movement And Feminist Epistemology And Science Sociology EssayThe word feminism is very challenging and difficult to describe specifically scarce it has a greater value in todays society for the most part in the developing aras same Nepal, Srilanka, Bangladesh etc. The women of developing countries are facing so many problems like in cope withity from political issues to even in their house. To eradicate such inequality problem from the existing society the word feminism developed. Feminism refers to the beliefs that are injustices against women and they gift been devalued and denied full equality (1).Feminism helps to exaggerate the women roles, power and their contribution to the society. It gives the full freedom to the women about their choices of lives. This feminism refers to the equality between men and women. They select equal rights and responsibility towards the society.In the mid-1800s the term feminism was used to refer to the qualities of females (2). The term Feminism was derived from the French word feministe in the 1892 after the first external womens conference in Paris. The term feministe means belief in and advocacy of equal rights for women based on the idea of the equality of the sexes. Although the term feminism in English is rooted in the mobilization or women suffrage in Europe and the US during the late 19th and early 20th century (3). The feminist movement is divided in to three joltsFirst wave begin during the 19th century and it refers on a newer feminist movement that focalisationed as much on advertiseing social and pagan inequalities as further political inequalities (4). The second wave in the early of 1960s, feminism saw cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and this movement encouraged women to understand aspects of their own lives as deeply politicized and reflective of a sexiest structure of power (5). The third base wave movement arise ideology of A post structuralist inter pretation of sex and sexuality in the early 1990s (6). These three movements encourage the women for their rights and their equality. The ideology of feminism starts influencing throughout the society after this movement. It brings a revolution in the way men and women are equal to each other and effects thorough change in society. It entails that the women have equal rights and duty as a man in all aspect.What is feminist epistemology and accomplishment?Epistemologist focus on the nature, origins and the limits of charitable acquaintance (7). It is the nature of knowledge itself and its study focuses for acquiring knowledge and differentiate between truth and falsehood. Epistemology concerns every scientific discipline which helps to the collective efforts of human beings. In the modern days the epistemology is the debate between the empiricism (i.e., knowledge is obtained through experience) and rationalism (knowledge can be acquired through reason). There are many aspects of knowledge like social, economical and many more but many of the epistemologist focus on the social aspect of knowledge where the production creation and discovery concerns. fond epistemology is the study of the relevance of social relations, interests, and institutions to knowledge (8).Feminism has also roles in social investigation of knowledge and its epistemology is concerned to the whose knowledge is being considered. Feminist epistemologist does non confess about the empirical evidence but or else of that it suggests knowing the social contexts and social beliefs because of its factuality. Feminist epistemologists of science typically argue that the way science is done includes cultural and social standards in the description of nature. Gender is both part of the cultural idea that shapes how nature is described and is also described by the process of science.The feminist critiques of scienceThe feminist critique of sciences is a crucial subject where the science may be neg atively impacted by postmodernist or feminist critiques in a similar way to humanities and social sciences. There is also a debate between the genuinelyism and relativism. pragmatism is that there is an objective world which people learn about. Relativism is the idea that truth is relative in one way or another. It is easy to fall into the snare drum that a feminist social epistemology-and any field which it depicts a statement about, even science-is relativist, and many thinkers have addressed this, either making cases that relativism is correct or making claims for a realist feminist science.Background for the feminist studies of objectivity in sciencesObjectivity is commonly taken to be the extent to which we allow our scientific beliefs to be driven by round impartial and non arbitrary criteria rather than by our wishes as to how things ought to be (9).1 Science is more objective than other areas such as art and literary criticism. To be a science the research programs must follow some criteria, certain norms and rules (i.e., scientific method) rather than the prejudices, guesses and emotions.According to the great philosophers, doubting Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend suggested the views that emphasize the degree to which what we call science is constituted by factors that seem to fall outside the realm justification. They are not trying to focus on the extent to which science is independent of who does it but instead of that it raise the minds about the real level of objectivity in science and how the scientist outline or modeled which hypothesis or theories pass for scientific knowledge. It is the crucial things to distinct between the real sciences and the rest things (non sciences).Another philosopher, Quine also raised a question about how autonomous science is from the other subjects such as prejudices, guesses and emotions i.e., metaphysical commitments. He suggested that science is not separable from other social, political beliefs that we h ave. The ideas given by Kuhn and Quine raise a question about the objectivity of science and these doubts arose well within what is sometime considered traditional philosophy of science.9When the issue of gender was raised mostly many feminists were interested in determining what the possible factors of gender counts are as a scientific knowledge. A feminist tries to find out how the gender plays a role in recreation of scientific knowledge. Moreover, Gender is related with the sexism here the word sexism refers to the male, female and assumption about the superiority of one gender to the other gender however there is no conclusive evidence for that assumption. The way of women are ignoring and demoralizing in almost every field so the feminists began to criticize on those things in which science excluded women, ignored scientific issues pertaining to women and even the scientific theories influencing by the womens societal views reveal a question about the real objectivity of scie nce.Science as Social (Helen Longino Harding)The problem seen by Harding regarding the objectivity in science is that she assumed the traditional conceptions of objectivity. To revealing and assessing the role of cultural and personal interests and values in sciences is very difficult to measure and assess. If the role is being played by cultural and personal interests and values then it is judged to be crappy for science, or if the role played is considered inappropriately large then it is argued that it need have a way to eliminate or mitigate this role, thus change magnitude the extent to which science is objective(10). Harding was the person who finds the way to reveal and assess interests and values in science is to examine them from an alternate point of view, and she claims that current conceptions of objectivity are inadequate for these tasks. Helen longino also face the same problem as seen by Harding and longino tries to solve this problem by focusing on how the scienti fic community is comprised and behaves instead of not giving attention to what individual scientists are doing. Longino claims that science is social, in the sense that doing science requires the interaction of individuals.Feminism and post-feminismFeminism refers to the belief that women are equal to men. Some feminist argue that women need is not equality rather they need to be recognized and valued in their goings from men but some feminists believe that women need liberation from oppression instead of equal treatment and respect for their differences to men. Feminism seeks to improve the lot of those people who have been made into women, but it cannot rightly be said that feminism seeks to improve the condition of women that would be an impossible, self-contradictory mission (11).According to Rosalind Delmar, it makes more sense to speak of a face pack of feminism than a single one (19869). It means that there must be some underlying commitment that all feminist share and mak e them feminist. Valerie Bryson says that all feminists share the belief that women are disadvantaged in comparison with men, and that this disadvantage is not a natural and inevitable result of biological difference but something that can and should be challenged and changed (Bryson 1993 192). But some feminists would reject even this, perhaps on the grounds that womens biology does disadvantage them but that recent technologies such as the contraceptive pill allow women to overcome their biological limitations (Firestone 1970).Post-feminists believe that women have achieved second wave goals while being critical of third wave feminist goals. The term was first used in the 1980s to describe a backlash against second-wave feminism. It is now a label for a wide plod of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second waves ideas.(39) Other post-feminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to todays society.(40) Amelia Jones wrote that the post-feminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity and criticized it using generalizations.(41)One of the earliest uses of the term was in Susan Bolotins 1982 obligate Voices of the Post-Feminist Generation, published in New York Times Magazine. This article was based on a number of interviews with women who largely agreed with the goals of feminism, but did not identify as feminists.(42) Some contemporary feminists, such as Katha Pollitt or Nadine Strossen, consider feminism to hold simply that women are people. Views that separate the sexes rather than unite them are considered by these writers to be sexist rather than feminist.(43)(44)Conclusion39.Wright, Elizabeth (2000). Lacan and Postfeminism (Postmodern Encounters). Totem Books. ISBN978-1-84046-182-9.40. Modleski, Tania (1991). Feminism without women culture and criticism in a postfeminist age. New York Routledge. pp.188. ISBN0-415-90416-1.41. Jones, Amelia. Postfeminism, Feminist Pleasures, and Embodied Theories of Art, in New Feminist Criticism Art, Identity, Action, ed. by Joana Frueh, Cassandra L. Langer and Arlene Raven. New York HarperCollins, 1994. 16-41, 20.42Rosen, pity (2001). The world split open how the modern womens movement changed America. New York, N.Y. Penguin. pp.444. ISBN0-14-009719-8.43.Pollitt, Katha (1995). Reasonable creatures essays on women and feminism. New York Vintage Books. ISBN978-0-679-76278-2.44 Strossen, Nadine (1995). Defending pornography free speech, sex, and the fight for womens rights. New York, N.Y. Scribner. ISBN978-0-684-19749-4.

The Turkish Pogrom of 1955 and the Elimination of the Greek Minority of

The Reconstitution of Turkish Pogrom The chronology of the pogrom falls in a hard period, when the Cyprus issue had caused difficulties in the political relations of Greece, Turkey and England. It is considered that Hikmet Bill the proprietor of the Turkish journal Hurriyet and Ahmet Emin Yalmas the owner of Vatan received a large amount of money in order to create the political atmosphere of the pogrom from British sources. By July 1955, the Turkish press and some organizations such as TheCyprus is Turkish, the National Federation of Turkish Students and the National Union of Turkish Students organized mass demonstrations against the Grecian minority of Istanbul and the Ecumenical Patriarchate (Vryonis 2005). Nowadays, most Greeks and Turks are unaware of the fact that on the night of September 6, until the early hours of September 7, 1955 the Adnan Menderes government and the Turkish news show Service carried out the most destructive pogrom in Europe since the well- crawl inn K rystallnacht on the eve of the Second World War. In addition, they do not know that this pogrom damaged, and in many cases destroyed several houses, businesses, churches and institutions and that this had as a result, the elimination of the Greek minority, the oldest historical community of Turkey (Vryonis 2005). On the afternoon of September sixth 1955, a radio station in Ankara reported that a bomb exploded under mysterious circumstances in the courtyard of Kemal Atatrks house in Thessaloniki, causing minor damages. The reports did not produce any reaction at first. However, a few hours later the Turkish journal Istanbul shew circulated an extra edition. According to the newspaper, the birthplace of Kemal Atatrk in Thessaloniki had been bombed. ... ...were wilful violation of their religion (Vryonis 2005). In spite of this, the Greek minority of Istanbul was still possessed by an aggravated sense of insecurity, which has as a result, the flee of hundreds of families from their birthplaces to Greece, threatening to diminish the community as a whole. Additionally, apart from the Greek minority the Pogrom of 6-7 September delivered a dreaded blow to Turkish economy. Street markets in Istanbul, which were under the control of Greek merchants, covering the basic needs of the citizens of the most populous city of Turkey. Therefore, the partial close brought about the impoverishment to the greater part of the Turkish population, leading to significant shortages of basic goods and a rapid rise in prices. The painful condition of Turkish economy would play a significant role in the issue of payment of compensation.

Case Analysis: Calling 911 Essay -- Case Study, Emergencies, Human Fa

1.What human factors problems did you identify in the illustration study?The primary human factors problem I identify is the sparking electric night-light. It is the cause of the fire and thus it is definitely had the project problem from the aspect of human factor. Next is the design of installation of steel security bars at each and every window. Although the design of the steel security bars is to protect the residents of the home base, it has a fatal mischief which is limited the escape action of the residents. The case study proposed a solution to it which is panic hardware. However, the house only installed one set of panic hardware and this indicated other human factor problem that occurred in setting up the security system of the house. Moreover, the one and only set of panic hardware in the house was required to be stomp harder for activation. This reflected poor human factor design of the panic hardware. Another human factors problem that I identify in the case study is the miscommunication between the 911 means and the Fire Department dispatcher and also between the Fire Department dispatcher with the nearby fire station unit. Although the operator clarified the address was No.9 to the dispatcher, the 911 operator missed the word avenue as part of the address when the operator was informing the Fire Department dispatcher the positioning of the fire incident. Moreover, due to the miscommunication between them, the rescue actions had delayed more than four minutes. To make the situation worse, the dispatcher sent wrong address, 3100 block of 9th Street in his order to the nearby fire station for rescue action which should be 3102 block 9th Avenue. Besides the above problems, as written in the case study, the likene... ...can maintain the occurrence of accident. In addition, the pressure needed to activate the set of panic hardware does not fit the emergency situation and the user too. It should be easier and straightaway in activatio n as it is designed for emergency escape plan.Last but not least, the city should put some effort in note the street names to avoid the misunderstood or misinterpretation of the address which will cause latent failures. Works CitedHealth and Safety Executive. (2014a). HF in accident investigations. Retrieved from http//www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/topics/core2.pdfHealth and Safety Executive. (2014b). Identifying human failures. Retrieved from http//www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/topics/core3.pdfHealth and Safety Executive. (2014c). Safety critical communications. Retrieved from http//www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/topics/common3.pdf