Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome Essay

Introduction This study briefly reviews complex psychic trauma and discusses how it manifests in adolescents with a biography of childhood abuse and neglect. A history of childhood abuse and neglect often leads to long-term stirred, behavioral and physical dysregulation that do not always kick the bucket the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This has led to the proposal of a separate only if related diagnosis termed Developmental Trauma Disorder (Cook, Blaustein, Spinazzola & van der Kolk, 2003 van der Kolk, 2005 Najjar, Weller, Weisbrot & Weller, 2008). This diagnosis is based on an assessment of the literature on complex trauma and its long-term mental and physical health consequences. In this study, we will review the following 1) the scope of complex trauma in terms of its general involve on individuals and society 2) a description of the phenomeno logy of complex trauma 3) the developmental impact of complex trauma on adolescents and 4) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complex trauma in adolescents.Complex trauma refers to both the exposures and the developmental impact of long-term exposure to traumatic events during childhood and adolescence. Traumatic exposures are commonly of an interpersonal nature, including childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect. Traumatic exposures can also include repeated surgical procedures, chemotherapy or other adverse events during childhood. Complex trauma has a significant developmental impact across the life-span. In a large epidemiological survey, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, of more than 17,000 adults from the general popula... ...icine, 14, 245-258.Gabowitz, D., Zucker, M., & Cook, A. (2008) Neuropsychological assessment in clinical military rank of children and adolescents with complex trauma. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 1, 163-178.Najjar, F., Weller, R.A. Weisbrot, J., & Weller, E. B. (2008). Post-traumatic filter disorder its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 40, 104-108.Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner Review The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 227-280.Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Times, 35, 401-408.Weiss, D., S. (2004). The Impact of Events Scale Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. late York Guilford.

Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome Essay

Introduction This study briefly reviews heterogeneous trauma and discusses how it manifests in adolescents with a history of childishness abuse and neglect. A history of childhood abuse and neglect often leads to long-term emotional, behavioral and physical dysregulation that do not always fit the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental troubles (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This has led to the proposal of a separate but related diagnosis termed Developmental Trauma Disorder (Cook, Blaustein, Spinazzola & van der Kolk, 2003 van der Kolk, 2005 Najjar, Weller, Weisbrot & Weller, 2008). This diagnosis is based on an assessment of the literature on complex trauma and its long-term mental and physical health consequences. In this study, we will review the following 1) the scope of complex trauma in terms of its general strike on individuals and society 2) a description of the phenomenology of complex tra uma 3) the developmental impact of complex trauma on adolescents and 4) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complex trauma in adolescents.Complex trauma refers to both the exposures and the developmental impact of long-term exposure to traumatic events during childhood and adolescence. Traumatic exposures are commonly of an interpersonal nature, including childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect. Traumatic exposures can also entangle repeated surgical procedures, chemotherapy or other adverse events during childhood. Complex trauma has a significant developmental impact across the life-span. In a fully grown epidemiological survey, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, of more than 17,000 adults from the general popula... ...icine, 14, 245-258.Gabowitz, D., Zucker, M., & Cook, A. (2008) Neuropsychological assessment in clinical Evaluation of children and adolescents with complex trauma. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 1, 163-178.Najja r, F., Weller, R.A. Weisbrot, J., & Weller, E. B. (2008). Post-traumatic deform disorder its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 40, 104-108.Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner Review The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child psychological science and Psychiatry, 41, 227-280.Van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Times, 35, 401-408.Weiss, D., S. (2004). The Impact of Events Scale Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. New York Guilford.

Globalization and BTL Essay

The impact of globalization on BTL has been positive with ontogenesis indicators which show major progress in increasing levels and ontogenesis. The 1990s witnessed moderate economic growth for Belize which resulted in a record growth of teleph wholeness operate with an come annual growth rate of ten percent. Also with the increase in teledensity, thither train been improvements in network modernization (BTL, 2008). The efficiency of BTL has added to the benefits. The percentage of digital lines is reported to increase by the end of the decade.The digit of lines per employee has as well increase which points towards an increased growth path that tends to reach efficiency levels which be similar to developed countries. The objectives of the tele intercourses reform in Belize turn over been mixed. The achievements in terms of penetration and access be uneven. There is an internal growth gap in urban areas with higher access as compared with lower telephone penetration levels in the rural areas. This restriction has been caused by the inequalities of the telecommunications infrastructure.Metropolitan areas tend to have most of the infrastructure concentrated while minimum work are offered in rural areas. Growth in the telecommunications sector has been slow in 2007 because of the high exists of installing the network and lack of profitability of the service in rural areas (BTL, 2008). Mobile telephone go together with changes in technology have begun to experience an accelerated process of growth in Belize. The mobile phone market in Belize enjoys less regulatory dependence and the need for survival of the dominant company.The overtaking of better telephone work by mobile go was driven by the introduction of pre- nonrecreational systems. The average growth in users of mobile telephony was thirty percent in Belize in 2007. BTL has entered into a consolidation process where mobile telephone service are becoming part of the picture. The level of dyna mism and growth of the telecommunications sector has been spectacular especially for the mobile telephone services (BTL, 2008). This increases the access to telecommunication services. However the judicature continues to focus on promoting fixed line connectivity and internet access.BTLs introduction of mobile phones has assisted in increasing the access to telecommunication services and gag rule the digital divide. The pre paid option has been attractive for Belizeans because of universal access and convenience for lower economic groups. Research in like manner shows that Belizeans prefer mobile telephone services over traditional telecommunications access. One of the advantages has been that the lower activation cost for the user in the case of mobile services as compared with fixed telephone services.The pre paid option too offers attractive alternatives for people because it allows the user to control costs and avoid signing contracts. The operator also finds it cost effecti ve because it does not have to stake monthly account balances. BTL mobile telephone services have lower costs in terms of initial costs and usage costs. The cost of mobile telephone services is half that of fixed telephone services. The turn of events of mobile phone subscribers has increased from nine percent to thirty percent in 2007 (BTL, 2008). BTL has improved its performance since the advent of globalization because of lower transaction costs and reduced uncertainty.This has increased the efficiency of markets and administrative organizations. The company has contributed in assisting agricultural companies in comparing prices in various markets. It allows them to obtain the highest prices for their produce and eliminate dependency on local middlemen. It also enables them to modify their products and respond to market demand (BTL, 2008). BTL has also helped to assist organizations in ordering spare parts and immediate contact with technicians which can reduce time lost due to broken machinery.Business organizations have also reduced their inventories because replacements can be ordered and delivered as needed. Contact between producers and shippers can be arranged on schedules for delivery of products to markets which reduces the risk of spoilage. It also has assisted in significant savings in personnel time and travel costs. BTL has also assisted in maximizing the efficiency of shipping so that trips are not wasted while consumption of fuel is minimized. Industries are also migrating to rural areas which allows for decentralization of economic activities.BTLs mobile phone services have also increased as rural areas prefer them for their economic development. It allows rural areas to use them heavily and spend their income on mobile phone services (BTL, 2008). The demand for mobile phones is heavy in rural and remote areas because of the perceived contribution towards the rural economy. BTL has become highly popular because of its cheap services. The te lecommunications sector in Belize is dominated by BTL which has a monopoly on telecommunication services in the country. The 1990s witnessed an annual growth of lines which averaged fifteen percent (BTL, 2008).Line installation has been cerebrate in urban areas which account for sixty five percent of total lines (BTL, 2008). Despite the expansion in the number of fixed lines, the investment has not been fitting to cover demand for the service. The cellular market has been one of the fastest growing in 2006 and 2007. Still BTL faces the challenge of meeting the growing demand of basic services and data communications. A fast growing internet market has also not satisfied the expectations of consumers. The liberalization of the market has brought benefits as the country uses resources to meet fresh demands.The mobile sector has the longest growth rate because of the rise in standards of living. The mobile sector is also attractive because of its reliableness, efficiency, and low cos t as compared with the fixed telephone services. Globalization has also helped BTL in digitizing the telecommunications system as the pro raft has grown from thirty percent in 1998 to fifty percent in 2007 (BTL, 2008). BTLs fiber optic network links several neighboring countries. The network allows connections to submarine cables and networks operated by other countries. BTL provides cellular services to a large number of subscribers.The cellular service has increased its coverage in the past years with services being moderately good for consumers. Liberalization has enhanced the ability of BTL to bargain for and acquire cellular phone technology for consumers. Telecommunications reform has assisted BTL in improving its efficiency and meeting the demands of the changing environment. The government wants to give BTL complete administrative, technical, and pecuniary independence with some functions controlled by the government. It also aims to allow for joint ventures and strategic alliances with other companies.Restrictions on foreign participation are also reputed to be outside by the government. It aims to state the public interest of modernizing and developing telecommunications through the process of liberalization of the market in order to allow market participation. A pileus investment program to upgrade the countrys GSM cellular service and deploying wireless technologies in the rural areas was announced in 2007 (BTL, 2008). The company also increased funding for network development by investing an estimated forty three million dollars.It also installed eight hundred and fifty megacycle per second frequency equipment to increase the coverage of cellular phone consumers. An updated prepaid intelligent care system was launched in 2006 which would facilitate and provide user friendly services (BTL, 2008). This program was also reputed to stimulate demand for mobile phone services of the company. A new wireless network with a frequency of four hundred and fifty MHz has also been proposed which will provide telecommunications services for businessmen, professionals, government officials, security forces, fishermen, and other residents with mobile phone services (BTL, 2008).The companys fixed line services have not been successful because of globalization. This is because of the unstable economy and low population in large parts of the country. Fixed lines are concentrated in the urban areas where they provide services for certain customer groups. BTL has reported losses in fixed line domestic services which include line access charges and per sharp call traffic. BTL has also not increased customer rates from 2001 till 2007.It also implemented several reductions in price for various data communication and satellite services. Internet capacity tariff was reduced by a percentage of ninety percent. Tariff reductions have assisted in increasing the number of consumers. DigiCell prepaid customers were offered discounts of twenty five c ents for calls. Other features were also introduced which included further discounts for consumers who call for more than five minutes. SMS to email was a service offered for prepaid customers which allowed them to send messages throughout the world.The number of DigiCell consumers rose from ninety three thousand to one hundred thousand in 2007 (BTL, 2008). The total number of cellular consumers has risen to one hundred and eighteen thousand in 2007 (BTL, 2008). Siemens has been providing technical assistance to BTL for the maintenance of the cellular network. The company has also aimed to create modern cellular equipment on with high speed internet services to consumers. Globalization has assisted the company in increasing its cellular business which now comprises a major portion of its net income.The rapid growth of BTL has allowed it to implement customer friendly billing and care systems. Outdated systems have been gradually phased out. Post paid customer and billing system wil l be implemented in various stages of 2008 (BTL, 2008). BTL will be able to access information of consumers which will help it to increase its reliability and effectiveness. Other major developments have been the use of information technology systems to enhance the administrative, technical, and financial functions of the organization.

Navy Chief Petty Officer Medal of Honor Recipients

The antique Petty ships officer is a rank in the U.S. Navy just to a higher place the rank of the Petty Officer First Class. They serve both as leaders and technical experts. Promotion as a top dog Petty Officer requires superior evaluation and time in service. The Navy Medal of Honor is Americas oldest and still continuing trophy. The Medal of Honor is the supreme award in the United States of America for bravery in wars. Any member of the Armed Services of the United States who performs exceptionally in his field of warfare during soldierlike operations risking his life to protect the interests of the country is awarded the Medal of Honor. Since everyone in the Armed Services has values of bravery and selflessness, the pass for this award is made with the greatest make out and consideration.When the Medal was initially awarded during the Civil Wars, it was the only medal for bravery in wars but during the Spanish American War, it became the highest honor, with many other me dals being given for heroism in wars. Apart from the respect the Medal entails, the recipients have many other privileges like increased monetary benefits, wearing their uniforms wherever they choose to, and attending presidential inaugurations. Even the children of the recipients of the Medal of Honor enjoy privileges. If they are qualified and desire to attend the U.S. military academies, they can do so without any restrictions of quotas.So far, more(prenominal) that 3400 Medal of Honor awards have been given. Getting the prestigious Medal would be the proudest moment of any serviceman, and John Finn hadthe taste of it when it was placed around his neck in recognition for his valor in the Second World War. Born in Los Angeles, California, on July 23, 1909, he enlisted in the Navy in 1926 and served as a Chief Petty Officer.John Finn was awarded the prestigious Medal of Honor for his conspicuous heroism and gallantry while at the Naval Air Station Kahoehe Bay, Hawaii, during the a ir raid by Japan, which targeted the facility. With a machine gun, Chief Finn effectively fired at the enemy planes. Though he received severe wounds, he put up a brave fight and created great havoc to the enemy planes. His action during the attack was indeed amazing.George Brady was yet another proud possessor of the Medal of Honor. He was born on September 7, 1867. He was a Chief Gunners Mate in the U.S. Navy. George Brady was awarded the Medal of Honor for his exceptional performance in the Spanish American War. George Brady proved a real asset to the U.S. forces. He was on board the torpedo boat Winslow when enemy forces targeted it. The boat was extensively overt to bombs and suffered great damage. He repaired the steering gear and promptly maintained watertight integrity and thus saved the vessel. His masterly skills and untiring loyalty to duty was greatly appreciated, and he was awarded the Medal of Honor.Though every serviceman fights for the country risking his life, such events, which depict individual courage and bravery, are the grounds on which a recommendation for the Medal of Honor is made. The worth of the Medal of Honor is sogreat that senior officers and even the President salutes the Medal, thereby the recipient wearing it.ReferencesSeptember 30, 2005, Chief Petty Officer Medal of Honor RecipientsElectronic Version Retrieved on September 11, 2007, from www.history.navy.mil

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT Essay

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENTEARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT STORY READINGQUOTESIf you talk to a man in a verbi sequence he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart. Nelson MandelaYour kidskinren rear be around you all day, but if you bustt spend quality time with them and you dont pay attention to them and talk to them and listen to them, it doesnt matter that theyre just around you. Brandy NorwoodThe man who does not say has no value over the man who domiciliatenot read. Mark TwainINTRODUCTIONLanguage and literacy bringment does not begin in the first day a boor attends school. mankind beings develop language, even before actual words be formed in spoken language. From the time of birth, pincerrens literacy is influenced significantly by their family and environment. Their teachers serve as only peerless influence on the road to developing adequate literacy skills.This term pa per is rough the factors affecting suppuration early language stimulation, literate communities and environment story reading that helps you to grapple how children acquire language and incur literate. It enables you to understand how children learn language, the role of others in supporting this reading, and how a child becomes a reader and writer. Learning language and becoming literate are shown to be societal, active processes. In some(prenominal) cases, it as well as appoints people who live and work with very newborn children to act with them in an appropriate way and to provide developmentally appropriate experience to support their development.Therefore, the vital role of others in supporting childrens culture is emphasized throughout this term paper.OBJECTIVES* To be ableto ac friendshipand understand these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child.* To be aware of how these factors affect the feelings of the child.* To be able to know how these factors affect the actions of a child as it grow and learn. electric razorren likely to develop literacy skills when the day they born. However, there are several factors that affect a child to develop and master the language and literacy these some factors are in the fol pooring1. Children living in povertyOne of the most significant factors affecting childrens learning and development is growing up in an area of cordial deprivation. Deprivation has a shun impact on educational attainment. In the long term children who grow up in poverty leave school with fewer qualifications and skills, which in turn affects jobs and employment. Poverty is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society for example, an increased likelihood that an individualistic will engage in criminal activity.2. Income and material deprivationA low income has been shown to call up a lack access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space t o admit quietly. It affects the quality of the home environment and neighborhood as low income restricts where families can live. There may be no quiet spaces in which to work to or sleep and this has an impact on emotional well-being. Childrens diets may be unequal because of lack of money, and poor nutrition can lead to physical changes that affect cognitive ability and performance of the brain. 3. HealthLow birth angle is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout puerility. Poorer children are likely to suffer poorer health throughout their childhood, including chronic illness. 4. Cultural and social capital, and the experience of schoolingSome research has suggested that a lack of social and cultural capital leads to low attainment for children living in poverty. I am suggested that children from lower socioeconomic groups have different background knowledge skills and interests t hat arent reflected in the school curriculum.The differences in cultural capital mean that the curriculum is more difficult for these children to access. The Social Exclusion Task Force reported that young people in deprived communities often lack social capital access to sources of inspiration, role models, support and opportunity and even those children with high aspirations were found to lack the understanding about what to do to achieve their goals. 5. Deficiencies from Inadequate DietsA common problem for young children who do not eat enough meats and green vegetables is lack of iron, which results in chronic fatigue. Serious iron deficiencies lead to iron-deficiency anemia, a common nutrient deficiency. Some children may be malnourished even though they consume enough calories. These children fill up on empty non-nutritional calories ( much(prenominal) as those found in cookies, and potato chips) and fail to eat enough healthful foods.Undernourished children tend to have stunt ed growth and delayed motor development. They are also are at risk for cognitive disabilities such aslow levels of attention, learning impairments, and poor academic school-related performance.6. Functional IsolationFunctional isolation results from direct and indirect effects of poor environment and inadequate nutrition. Diminished brain from stimulationinfluences childrens behavior. The children may become more wary, easily tires, less(prenominal) attentive, and less bleedful, and they rarely show delight and pleasure. Because these children are not very responsive, caregivers do not interact with them much.7. Parents as TeachersProbably the most important one is spending time with children. Although most parents are aware of the importance of reading to their children, not all parents routinely provide this type of experience. Many children are read to very little or not at all, and how often children are read to varies by income level and the race/ethnicity of the family.8. Pa rent-child relationshipThis is concerns with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence seizure of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a childs emergent literacy development.9. Parental CharacteristicsThere are ii characteristics, the culture, ethnicity and parental beliefs. finish and ethnicity affects areas such as the expectations for education, the patterns for language use in bilingual families (e.g., primary language used at home, language of the community, bilingual education).Parental beliefs accommodate the familys beliefs about the importance and role of the educational system in the literacy development of their children.10. Child CharacteristicsIt include the childs level of engagement and social interaction in literacy-related activities, as well as language proficiency, cognitive abilities, developmental achievements, motivation, attention, and health conditions that might affect language and literacy deve lopment. Each of the child characteristics can influence the extent to which a child can use the support that the environment provides for early literacy learning. For example, the substantial body of research demonstrating that preschool children with language delays are at a significant risk for later difficulties in learning to read indicates that factors within the child can influence emergent literacy development.11. Home LiteracyEnvironmentIt includes such aspects as book sharing between parents and children, parents reading aloud with their children, print materials being available to the children, and parents positive attitudes towards literacy activities. The home literacy environment is comprised of both direct and indirect literacy-related events. calculate literacy related events are those in which the child engages, such as book sharing with a parent or labeling the printed letters of the alphabet. Indirect literacy-related events are those about which the child learns through the observation of individuals as they engage in those activities (e.g., reading the newspaper, writing notes). 12. Teenage MotherTeenage mothers generally have less knowledge of child development than mothers who postpone childbearing. The teenage mothers lack of general knowledge in child development can affect the childs cognitive achievement and behavi viva voce adjustment in school. The lack of understanding of development knowledge behavior can affect the language and literacy of the child that may lead to physical and emotional harm. 13. SexBoys are faster than the girls in learning to talk. Compared to girls the mean length of sentence express by boys is less. The erudition vocabulary is also small in case of boys. Boys commit more grammatical errors and their pronunciation is less accurate. Sex differences in favor of girls remain and become quite pounced with every increase in age.14. IntelligenceIntelligence plays a vital role in language development. Babbling at an early age is better predictor of child of childs intelligence. Children of high intelligence show better linguistic competence both in vocabulary, length of sentences uttered and correctness of sentence structure.15. TwinsTwins and triplets are slower to learn the language than the single child. Their vocabulary skill is so faster than the twins.16. Bilingual HomesIn bilingual homes the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time.17. Language of Deaf and Hearing-Impaired ChildrenChildren with hearing impairments often do not develop oral language skills as fully as other children do, but they are quite capable of acquiring a language of gestures called American Sign Language. unless as these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child however there are slipway to avoid this if people will apply some circumstances like as the following1. Teacher & ParentsParents should promote cognitive development by constructing an optimal learning environment in the home-they provide materials, experiences, and cost increase that help children to become curious explorers of their worlds.When children are exposed to a large variety of learning materials in a safe environment and when they receive rise for learning, they score higher on tests of language development and cognitive development than do children with less stimulating environments.2. Story Telling -storytelling to children, exposing the child to different play things, naming the object describing the object.3. Family Support parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) provide the child with high levels of consistent and predictable love, physical care, and positive attention in ways that are responsive to the childs individuality.4. Positive Family Communication parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) express themselves positively and respectfully, engaging you ng children in conversations that invite their input.5. pity Climate in Child Care and Educational Settings caregivers and teachers create environments that are nurturing, accepting, encouraging, and secure.6. Time at Home the child spends most of her or his time at home participating in family activities and playing constructively with parent(s) guiding TV and electronic game use.7. archean Literacy the child enjoys a variety pre-reading activities including adults reading to her or him daily, looking at and handling books, playing with a variety of media, and showing interest in pictures, letters,and numbers.SUMMARYDeveloping language and literacy in early childhood can be affect by several factors it can be a barrier or a key to early childhood from thriving development in language and literacy.Those factors as barriers that affect the language and literacy development of children are children living in poverty, income and material deprivation, health, cultural and social c apital, and the experience of schooling, deficiencies from inadequate diets, functional isolation, parents as teachers, parent-child relationship, parental characteristics, child characteristics, home literacy environment, teenage mother, sex, intelligence, twins, bilingual homes and language of deaf and hearing-impaired but if you sum up these factors the general terminus are family and environment. The family is the first one who will expose the child in language and literacy by teaching them before entering the school and before to interact in other human being while the environment will enhance what information they get from home and will also improve their understanding. and these hindrances can be prevented if the family of the child willing to give them a quality time in spite of many obstructions they has besides it is their responsibility to their children, they should give them a positive communication by talking to them often, reading them a story or giving them an activ ities that will help to develop their language and literacy. While when the children interact in the surroundings, family should guide them and know the limitation of their child on who they will interact with.This term paper can helps the parents how they will develop the language and literacy of their children and it also helps to guide them in the right way while growing and learning new things.REFERENCESNeaum, S. (2010).Child Development for Early Childhood Studies.Southernhay East, Britain Learning Matters Ltd.Fabes, R.& Martin, C. L. (2011).Discovering Child Development.USA Houghton MifflinCompany. 3rded.Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) (2012). Handbook of Family Literacy.Third Avenue, sassy York Routledge.2nd ed.Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) (2011). Emergent literacy and language development promotinglearning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY The Guilford Press. 2nd ed.Neaum, S. (2012).Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London Learning Matters.Brown, A. I. (2010). Children of Teenage Mot hers school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. joined States ProQuest LLC.Nisha, M. (2009).Milestone of Child Development.India Kalpaz Publication.VanderVen, K. (2011). Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood twist Blocks for a Successful Start. NY Springer. 2nded.ACTIVITYA. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child.____ 1. Poverty____ 2. Ball____ 3. Parents____ 4. Doll____ 5. Income____ 6. Health____ 7. Culture____ 8. Quality Time____ 9. Teacher____ 10. Material DeprivationB. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following.1. This factor is concerned with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a childs emergent literacy development.a. Parent-child relationshipb. Parent and Teachers relationshipc. N one of the in a higher place2. In this factor, the low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood.a. Spiritual formulab. Povertyc. Health3. This factor is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity.a. Healthb. Deficiencyc. Poverty4. This factor has been shown to mean a lacked access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly.a. Childb. Low Incomec. Health5. This factor is the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time.a. Functional Isolationb. Low Incomec. Bilingual HomesAnswer cardinalA. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy deve lopment of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child.1. DA2. DNA3. DA4. DNA5. DA6. DA7. DA8. DA9. DA10. DAB. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following.1. a2. b3. a4. b5. c 2 . Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY The Guilford Press. 2011. p24. 2nd ed. 3 . Neaum, S. Child Development for Early Childhood Studies. Southernhay East, Britain Learning Matters Ltd. 2010. p132. 4 . Ibd p132. 5 . Ibd p132. 6 . Ibd p132. 7 . Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development. USA Houghton Mifflin Company. 2011. 3rd ed 8 . Ibd 9 . Ibd 10 . Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) Handbook of Family Literacy. Third Avenue, New York Routledge. 2012. 2nd ed. 11 . Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY The Guilford Press. 2011. p24-25. 2nd ed. 12 . Ibd p25. 13 . Ibd p 25. 14 . Brown, A. I. Children of Teenage Mothers school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States ProQuest LLC. 2009. p38. 15 . Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. (India Kalpaz Publication. 2010. p196. 16 . Ibd p196. 17 . Ibd p196. 18 . Ibd p196. 19 . Neaum, S. Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London Learning Matters. 2012. 20 . Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development.USA Houghton Mifflin Company.2011. 3rd ed 21 . Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. India Kalpaz Publication. 2009. p196. 22 . VanderVen, K. Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY Springer. 2011. p8. 2nd ed. 23 . Ibd p8. 24 . Ibd p9. 25 . Ibd p10. 26 . Ibd p11.

Hero Cycle from the Odyessy Essay

Homers Odyssey provides a clear illustration of Joseph Campbells wiz oscillation through the expeditions and characterization of the protagonist Odysseus. The hero cycle is used in epics to describe the journey of the hero from bad to good. In The Odyssey, Odysseus is characterized as arrogant, and and his journey from hubris to humility. The hero cycle is a theme that epics follow. It counterbalances off with a departure then goes to an initiation where they come to an stopping point in their evanesce. Odysseus test is to see help him heal hubris. He mustiness learn self-control, and humbleness.He comes to a breaking point because of some of the tasks that he endures, he must overcome them to help him with his enquire for life change. They start off in a departure phase where Odysseus gets the notification from Menelaus and Agamemnon that he needs to parting their home for Troy even though he does not want to go. He had vertical had his son Telemachus and he wanted to be th ere for him. He realized that it was his duty and that he take to go. Then, in the hero cycle there is usu all in ally a supernatural figure that helps them with materials or knowledge.This is a god, monster, superhero, ghost, or fairy tale creature. When Odysseus and his fleet leave and come to their first part of conflict during their journey. When he is on his mien he gets his visit from genus Athene, goddess of wisdom. She is a strategist and often fights in wars. She came to Odysseus on his way to Troy with words for the wise. Then he encounters his first test. This is the battle between the Greeks and Trojans. He was able to survive the war. The Trojan War had lasted 10 years and lastly it was over. This is only the beginning of his journey.The second step of the hero cycle is initiation. This is when the tests and climax happen. Odysseus endures many tests with creatures that test him externally and also internally. Along the way Odysseus gets aided by many supernatural ex istences. He would not be able to go survive without their assistance. aft(prenominal) winning the Trojan War Odysseus decide to attack the island of the Ciccones where he lost a ton of me, about six men from every ship he had. This demonstrates a clear act of hubris and stupidity. Odysseus thought he was racy and mighty for commanding some of the Greek army to their great victory.After leaving this island he went to the island of the lotus eaters which had his men not wanting to leave the island so he had to tie his men down to the boat. After the island of the lotus eaters Odysseus went to the island of the Cyclopes, where he met Polyphemus. This is a place where he shows that he shows clear acts of hubris. He tells the Cyclopes, after dazzling him, that his name was Nohbody, which is very clever. When he and his ships were leaving he yelled to him his real name and guided Polyphemus who was throwing rocks at him with his voice. This was just plain stupid and arrogant.Polyphemu s prayed to his father, Poseidon that Odysseus should never return to Ithaca. Following the visit to the Cyclopes was island of Aeolus. He is the keeper of winds. He gave Odysseus a bag of winds and told him to clean it when he was close to ithaca. He told his crew to not open it but of course they did thinking he was cheating the crew and they were blown back to Aeolus. Then he goes to the island of the Laestrygonians and they kill the rest of his fleet except for his boat. They end up on Circes Island and his men get turned into animals. He gets them turned back with the help of Hermes words and him coaxing her.He gets the knowledge from Circe that he must go to Hades. He goes and talks to a bunch of people who tell him of his past and future. This is where Odysseus has a change of heart and learns that he must recover from hubris. This is the turning point of his life. When he leaves he goes past the sirens where he demonstrates some more hubris. He then encounters the Scylla, a 6 headed monster where it eats 6 of his men. After escaping him they ended up on Thrinikia where they were not allowed to eat any cattle on the island. They all did except Odysseus and when they set sail the boat got destroyed.This is a start on recovery. Finally Odysseus ends up on Ogygia with Calypso. This is where Odysseus spends seven years able to think about what to do and what to change. The final part of the cycle is the return. This part of the cycle is when Odysseus makes all of his changes in life that need to be made, then puts them to use. When at Ogygia, Calypso gets a visit from Hermes saying that he is able to leave. When he does, he journeys across the seas until he gets to the island of the Phaecians. When here he talks to Nausicaa who helps him see the king, her father, and get a ship for his trip to Ithaca.When he arrives on Ithaca he was told by Athena to be a beggar and not Odysseus. This way he is able to see what it is like without him. When he meets Telema chus for the first time he does not break down his identity, showing self-control. After he does reveal his identity, he makes Telemachus promise that he will not tell Penelope. Odysseus thinks it would be a bad idea to combat back into the castle and demand his throne. This would mess up everything and would eventually cause a battle. Penelope decides that is time for a new husband so she tells all the suitors to string Odysseus bow and shoot it through 12 axes.No one could do it until the beggar tried, this is Odysseus. He then kills all of the suitors, starting with Alchinous. Penelope motionlessness could not believe it so she tests him and says that she will move her olive tree bed that he made for her outside of their room for him to sleep on. This is a symbol of their firm relationship and his throne. He stops her and explains to her that she cant. Only then, does Penelope truly accept that that was Odysseus. The book ends leaving you with all of the suitors families ar ok and they go through a settlement, the kingdom is back in order, and Telemachus has finally become a man.Joseph Campbells cycle is all about a heros journey from good to bad. In The Odyssey this is shown throughout the story and follows the cycle closely. At first Odysseus starts off with being arrogant when Polyphemus is throwing rocks after being blinded by Odysseus and Odysseus is yelling at him and taunting him which guides Polyphemus who is throwing rocks toward their ship. He then after visiting Hades and learning what he must do and how he needs to change his ways he has the option of hearing the sirens song while tied to the mast of the boat or he cannot hear the song and just keep his ears plugged.He of course, chooses to hear the song. Soon after that they are on the island of Thrinikia where he starts to listen and understand what he must do and he was specifically told not to eat any of the cattle on the island. He didnt but his men did. He survived but his men didnt. Then when arriving upon Ithaca instead of barging in and demanding his throne back, Odysseus was very humble and patient by acting as a beggar. This shows self-control and when everything is over you look back at how Odysseus handled things and realize that he has recovered from hubris.

Ethical Theories Essay

It is vital for championshipes to understand the importance of ethics in this dynamic environment. Organizations that atomic number 18 commit to long term success recognize and realize that creating a culture where h one(a)st behaviors are rewarded and encouraged is the ultimate key to survival and growth. correspond to Joseph 2003, business ethics refers to clear standards and norms that help employees to distinguish amend from wrong behavior at work, while in the other hand ethical theories are theories that con side of meatr learning what is right and wrong and doing the right thing but the fact that the right thing is not straight forward brings in the subject of ethical dilemmas. Norm in ally ethical theories privy be broken up into two separate groups, teleological and deontological. teleological theories look to the rightness of exploits and are determined by the amount of good consequences they produce and focus on outcomes that are base on decisions. In teleologi cal theories these actions are solelyified by the virtue of what the actions achieve, quite a than some feature of the actions themselves.In other words, decisions that benefit the overall goal and/or objective is collectively believed as a way to justify what is right or wrong. The philosophy of utilitarianism is one of the most commonly used and accepted ethical theories in the teleological group and is linked to Jeremy Bentham and arse S Mills. According to Crane and Matten (2010) utilitarianism is defined as an action which is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action. This principle focuses solely on the consequences of an action and it weighs the good results against the bad results. It also encourages the action that results in the greatest amount of good for all people involved. Utilitarianism is in truth powerful in business since it puts at the centre of the moral decision a variable which measure s the value of an action. Deontological by contrast to teleological, consequences are irrelevant when find out what is right and wrong. Deontological possible action states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another(prenominal) individual or company because up retentivity ones duty is what is considered ethically correct. For instance, a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law.A person who follows thistheory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individuals set duties. Deontological ethical systems are business organisationed with the record of an action that is being judged, whereas teleological judges the consequences of the act rather than the act itself. Founded by Immanuel Kant, Kantian Ethics is the iconic representation of deontological theories. Kantianism emphasizes the principle s behind actions rather than an actions results. Acting rightly thus requires being motivated by fitting universal principles that treat everyone with respect. When youre motivated by the right principles, you crucify your animal instincts and act ethically. Until the great mass of the people shall be filled with the sense of responsibility for each others welfare, social justice can never be attained (Helen Keller). John Rawls, an American moral and political philosopher, whose major work, A Theory of Justice, had a profound impact on ethics and political theory, believed there must be an alternative view of justice than the view of the Utilitarianism where the action that benefits the greatest is the best. Rawls believed that the principles of justice and fairness among individuals must be fair.John Rawls, social justice theory seeks to create a society where the principles of justice and fairness are provided and to ensure the protection of equal access to liberties, rights, an d opportunities, as intimately as taking fearfulness of the least advantaged members of society. The concept is based around a social contract, which is the voluntary agreement among people with each another and the administration which results in an organized society. On the other hand, the philosophy of virtue ethics, which primarily deals with the ways in which a person should live, has puzzled philosophers from the beginning of time. Recognized as one of the greatest philosophers in the world, Aristotle explains virtue as a character trait that manifests itself in habitual action. This theory claims that virtues are traits of character that you must arrange actively so that they become a part of you and shapes you into becoming a sinless ethical person. So when you are a virtuous person, you will deal a prosperous fulfilled life. Since there are many contrasting interpretations regarding a precise definition of virtue, Aristotle theory argues that the individual needs prac tical wisdom, which is what a person needs in order to live well.On the contradictory side there is Milton Friedman, who is known as one of the greatest and most influential economists and public intellectuals in theworld. He was a firm believer of free-market capitalism which would in turn contribute and adequately administer wealth throughout the nation. right economists, such as Milton Friedman, claim that business is most responsible when it makes profit efficiently, not when it misapplies its energy on social projects, Friedman determines that it is in the best interests for firms to maximize mesh. With this Friedman is invoking a deontological, not consequentialist, theory. A consequentialist reading Friedmans work would look to identify an ends justifies the means sense of reasoning. Friedman however makes clear the means of achieving the ends are important, as profits need to be maximized within the regulatory environment and main focus. Along the same steps as Friedman we throw Friedrich Hayek, who follows the libertarianism theory. Libertarianism is a set of related political philosophies that uphold liberty as the highest political end.This includes emphasis the primary of individual liberty, political freedom, and voluntary association. This theory and Hayek stress that the market will see care of itself, the ideal market is self-regulating and it limits government intervention and/or involvement in the marketplace. Libertarianism expresses that people pee certain natural rights and deprivation of those rights is immoral. The entitlement theory just like Hayek, also supports a market system with little to none government intervention, this theory of justice is known by Robert Nozick. Nozicks entitlement theory is based on the following three principles one, a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in encyclopedism is authorise to that holding second, a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the pr inciple of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding and third, no one is entitled to a holding except by repeated applications of 1 and 2 (Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974, p.151). According to the entitlement theory, people should only possess what they are actually entitled to according to these principles. Many of these theories are seen throughout the cases from the book Ethics and the Conduct of Business by John R. Boatright. Case 3.2 Exporting Pollution is perfect prototype that includes different military positions and insights into such theories.The case summarizes as follows, Rebbeca Wright, an assistant to the vice president of environmental affairs at Americhem, savors the opportunity to apply hertraining to public constitution analysis that her company faces. She is convinced that cost-benefit analysis, her specialty, provides a rational decision-making tool that cuts through personal feelings and lays bare the hard eco nomic realities. Jim Donnelly, Rebeccas boss, started her with a draft of a memo that she thought would create a furor if it were ever made public. Jim is preparing a memo of where to establish the companys new location of their chemic correct. The main problem is that atmospheric pollutants caused by the plant will produce a persistent haze and some of the particles have been known to cause colored cancer in a small portion of people exposed. Four main points about this location are further discussed of what would happen if this new plant opened. Milton Friedmans, Kant, and deontological ethics can be seen in this case.Friedmans perspective for this case would have Rebecca to follow her duties because this would be doing what would bring the most profits and doing what the stakeholders would want. For deontological and Kants perspective on the other hand, it may be argued both ways. Rebecca must follow her duties regardless of the consequences she is working towards, because sh e has a specific duty she must perform. If she follows the rules she would benefit herself, the company, and all the stakeholders. At the time Kantian ethics still implies that one must follow moral law regardless of the consequences. So because this new plant may cause liver cancer and inflict pain on others, Rebecca can disagree with the companys decision on manufacturing the new plant. For this case, it depends on which side Rebecca wishes to stand as to what is ethical or not. Whether to support or not the construction of the new plant has ethical attributes with both benefits and consequences.Lavish Pay at Harvard is another example great example that applies to some of the theories explained. Jack R. Meyer, the head of Harvard Universitys $20 billion endowment fund was under pressure to multifariousness the hire plan for the funds top investment managers due to the high amount of endowment the top five employees were receiving. A few Harvard alumni protested, their collectiv e concern was that they thought the amount of money being paid to those folks was obscene. The compensation of the endowment fund managers far exceeded the salaries of Harvard faculty member and administrators, including the president, who made around half(a) a million dollars. Also, the 5% hike n tuition for Harvard students in 2004 was equalto the $0 million paid to the two highest earners. Although Harvard has the grownst university endowment, the salaries and bonuses paid to the managers greatly exceeded the compensation paid at any other school. In response to the critics, Mr. Meyer noted that the alumni failed to recognize that the amount of bonuses paid does not add up to the value they are giving the university.The schools large endowment was used in many ways to benefit students such as the coverage of 72% financial aid for undergraduate students, no tuition for families earning less than $60,0000, and it also enable the school to increase the faculty in growing areas an d to expand facilities. In the end, Harvard decided to cap the compensation of fund managers. The result was that Jack Meyer and his team of managers left to start their own investment companies, at which many could earn 10 times than they did at Harvard. Teleological and Utilitarianism theories are two great theories that can be applied to this case. With both of these theories we can argue that the amount of money that was being used to pay these managers/employees was a reasonable pay due to what they were giving back to the college. Millions of students and faculty were benefiting from Mr. Meyer and his team, which thats the main focus on both of these theories actions are right if they are profitable or are for the benefit of the majority and the end justifies the means. Although they were getting paid large amounts of money their return on the student population had a high impact. Some of Nozicks beliefs can be seen in Case 3.4 A Sticky Situation. Kent Graham is an account m anager for Dura-Stick Label Products, which has a well-deserved reputation for quality, proficient knowledge, and service that enables the company to command a premium price for its products in a very competitive market.Kent has been with Dura Stick for 2 years and his accomplishments have been going downhill and fears his time with company may end leaving his wife and children to provide for. Kent calls Jack Olson at Spray-On Inc. about landing a large account. Jack informs Kent of a new product of theirs they would need labels for, which Jack promises they can do. Although, Kent later finds out Dura-Stick cannot make the desired products so must use another company and mark up the prices so Dura-Stick can still make profit. Kent uses the companys image as leverage to convince Jack to take the deal. This situation can be argued in different ways for Kent and Dura Stick. Kent knows that he has to land a big timeaccount and he knows he must do so in order to provide for his family. Though he does lie to customer, he isnt doing anything illegal. Nozicks belief of just acquisition is an excellent example in this situation. As long as the seller had rightful ownership, the transaction is just and proper, but if not, then possession is not proper and victims have to be compensated or transaction undone.In contradictive of Nozick, Aristotles theory of virtue would argue that this case is exactly what a person with virtuous ethics shouldnt do. Virtues are traits of character that you must practice actively so that they become a part of you and shapes you into becoming a virtuous ethical person. Because of his actions, Kent is putting in jeopardy his honesty, loyalty, self-control virtues, shaping him in the wrong ethical approach. These theories emphasize different aspects of an ethical dilemma and lead to the most ethically correct resolution according to the guidelines within the ethical theory itself. People can use these theories and the wisdom of these philosop hers to determine what is ethical and what is not. Though all decisions have their advantages and disadvantages, by applying this knowledge one can come closer to making the right ethical decision.